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Much of our knowledge about SSA derives from coastal observations near shorelines, but whether and when these observations accurately represent open oceans remain unclear. Here, we show that strong nearshore SSA production during high-wave periods greatly enhances downwind cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and aerosol mass concentrations. Strong shoreline wave breaking is widespread globally, and swell waves, which are decoupled from local winds, play a dominant role in many coastal regions. Therefore, extrapolating results based on coastal measurements to open oceans may significantly overestimate SSA concentration and its contribution to CCN and, by extension, the impact of SSA on clouds and climate. Additionally, the strong enhancement of coastal aerosol population by shoreline wave breaking and its environmental impact on coastal communities cannot be captured by current regional models, which do not parameterize nearshore SSA generation using wave energy or completely neglect it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adw0343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T17:59:06Z","timestamp":1756317546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Shoreline wave breaking strongly enhances the coastal sea spray aerosol population: Climate and air quality implications"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0846-0127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shengqian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0645-3265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Salter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"name":"Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-7588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5172-7742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Brito Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3917-5959","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Observatory of the Azores, Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Azores, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-4170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"J. 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