{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:53:32Z","timestamp":1790967212757,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"40","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-2140004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2140004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK128551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK128551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000952","name":"Paul G. Allen Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000952","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sci. Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Engineered tissues offer great promise for therapeutic organ repair. Yet, biofabrication of organ-scale tissues can take hours or days for large constructs with geometric complexity, during which living cells in the construct lack vascular support. To address this, we developed an approach to accelerate biofabrication by embedding microreservoirs of evacuation reagents throughout geometrically patterned sacrificial agents. We call this approach Suspended Particles for Omnidirectional Template Sacrifice (SPOTS). We show that microparticles can serve as both structural impurities as well as depots for dissolution agents within sacrificial materials, both of which facilitate accelerated degradation of sacrificial materials and vascular templates. We used SPOTS to produce branched vascular networks in engineered tissue constructs. These networks support perfusion and endothelialization, improve the viability of human cells embedded in the construct, and support phenotype and function of human hepatocytes in the surrounding matrix. By accelerating biofabrication processes, SPOTS thus addresses a critical remaining challenge hindering translation of engineered tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady4531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:59:16Z","timestamp":1790963956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Suspended particles for omnidirectional template sacrifice for rapid vascular patterning within engineered tissues"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9041-5848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sherina","family":"Malkani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA."},{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4926-363X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivia","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."},{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4647-229X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Inkyung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4024-2990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly R.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."},{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."},{"name":"Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00447-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav9750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb9062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521342113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw2459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201801331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5122804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23895-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202101165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200500R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08175-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2024.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-263343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-327338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00856-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2013.0370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C3IB40267C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121286"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202102661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200900363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-04-2012-0037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"A review on cell damage, viability, and functionality during 3D bioprinting","volume":"9","author":"Xu H.-Q.","year":"2022","unstructured":"H.-Q. Xu, J.-C. Liu, Z.-Y. Zhang, C.-X. Xu, A review on cell damage, viability, and functionality during 3D bioprinting. Mil. Med. Res. 9, 70 (2022).","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"e46","article-title":"Recent advances in 3D printing sacrificial templates for fabricating engineered vasculature","volume":"2","author":"Li S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Li, H. Li, X. Shang, J. He, Y. Hu, Recent advances in 3D printing sacrificial templates for fabricating engineered vasculature. MedComm Biomater. Appl. 2, e46 (2023).","journal-title":"MedComm Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c01824"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201403670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC00069B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b618409j"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202201566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-0566-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.04.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.12118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","first-page":"3254","article-title":"Construction of nanofibrous scaffolds with interconnected perfusable microchannel networks for engineering of vascularized bone tissue","volume":"6","author":"Gu J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Gu, Q. Zhang, M. Geng, W. Wang, J. Yang, A. u. R. Khan, H. Du, Z. Sha, X. Zhou, C. He, Construction of nanofibrous scaffolds with interconnected perfusable microchannel networks for engineering of vascularized bone tissue. Bioact. Mater. 6, 3254\u20133268 (2021).","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01262-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-070909-104532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.06.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celbio.2026.100369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","first-page":"589","article-title":"Microvascular tissue engineering\u2014A review","volume":"9","author":"Vajda J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Vajda, M. Milojevi\u0107, U. Maver, B. Vihar, Microvascular tissue engineering\u2014A review. Biomedicine 9, 589 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2015.1037272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Nikkhah M. Akbari A. Paul A. Memic A. Dolatshahi-Pirouz A. Khademhosseini \u201cGelatin-Based Biomaterials For Tissue Engineering And Stem Cell Bioengineering\u201d in Biomaterials from Nature for Advanced Devices and Therapies (John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2016) pp. 37\u201362. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/9781119126218.ch3.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119126218.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17121976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.9.6.835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00700.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201240109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.1.1.299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2013.0176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(99)80393-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.101.BJR-2020-0338.R1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0290(20001005)70:1<41::AID-BIT6>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm060341q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2015.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-009-9369-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.08.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.03.076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20120345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","unstructured":"C. P. Kothandaraman Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer (New Age International 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.8.4.547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00200-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00254D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ac1e9d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1053491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00533-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM00223J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","unstructured":"G. A. Truskey F. Yuan D. F. Katz Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems. (Upper Saddle River N.J: Pearson\/Prentice Hall 2004); https:\/\/catalog.nlm.nih.gov\/discovery\/fulldisplay\/alma9912148933406676\/01NLM_INST:01NLM_INST."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. O. Deville \u201cExact Solutions of the Navier\u2013Stokes Equations\u201d in An Introduction to the Mechanics of Incompressible Fluids M. O. Deville Ed. (Springer International Publishing Cham 2022) pp. 51\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-04683-4_3.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04683-4_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/jors.334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50501a040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0156-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2853"}],"container-title":["Science Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/sciadv.ady4531","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:00:30Z","timestamp":1790964030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.ady4531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/sciadv.ady4531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ady4531","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"eady4531"}}