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Adv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The timing of the settlement of Sahul\u2014the Pleistocene landmass formed by present-day New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania that existed until ~9000 years ago (~9 ka)\u2014remains highly contentious. The so-called \u201clong chronology\u201d posits the first main arrivals at ~60 to 65 ka, whereas a \u201cshort chronology\u201d proposes 47 to 51 ka. Here, we exhaustively analyze an unprecedentedly large mitogenome dataset (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a02456) encompassing the full range of diversity from the indigenous populations of Australia, New Guinea, and Oceania, including a lineage related to those of New Guinea in an archaeological sample from Wallacea. We assess these lineages in the context of variation from Southeast Asia and a reevaluation of the mitogenome mutation rate, alongside genome-wide and Y-chromosome variation, and archaeological and climatological evidence. In contrast to recent recombinational dating approaches, we find support for the long chronology, suggesting settlement by ~60 ka via at least two distinct routes into Sahul.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ady9493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T18:58:56Z","timestamp":1764356336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Genomic evidence supports the \u201clong chronology\u201d for the peopling of Sahul"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8930-8295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Gandini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK."},{"name":"B-Cell Neoplasia Unit and Strategic Research Program on CLL, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5923-6251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal."}]},{"given":"M. George B.","family":"Foody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK."}]},{"given":"Nano","family":"Nagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4096-9268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anders","family":"Bergstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-8098","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universit\u00e0 di Pavia, Pavia, Italy."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-2069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sim\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK."}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fichera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0957-4014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Oteo-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK."},{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma, Rome, Italy."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4163-4478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio","family":"Torroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universit\u00e0 di Pavia, Pavia, Italy."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6871-3451","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Achilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universit\u00e0 di Pavia, Pavia, Italy."}]},{"given":"William","family":"Pomat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Box 60, Goroka, Papua New Guinea."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-5196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zafarina","family":"Zainuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC) and Human Identification\/DNA Unit, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7115-1418","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ken Khong","family":"Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BPP University, London, UK."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4744-6994","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tarek","family":"Shoeib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Faculty of Biomedical Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8374-6347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teresa","family":"Rito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9733-6509","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Bulbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Asia &amp; 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