{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:01:50Z","timestamp":1791352910179,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5577","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Phototaxis and photophobic responses of green algae are mediated by rhodopsins with microbial-type chromophores. We report a complementary DNA sequence in the green alga\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/jats:italic>\n                    that encodes a microbial opsin-related protein, which we term Channelopsin-1. The hydrophobic core region of the protein shows homology to the light-activated proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. Expression of Channelopsin-1, or only the hydrophobic core, in\n                    <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocytes in the presence of all-\n                    <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\n                    retinal produces a light-gated conductance that shows characteristics of a channel selectively permeable for protons. We suggest that Channelrhodopsins are involved in phototaxis of green algae.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T19:06:23Z","timestamp":1027883183000},"page":"2395-2398","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1070,"title":["Channelrhodopsin-1: A Light-Gated Proton Channel in Green Algae"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"296","author":[{"given":"Georg","family":"Nagel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut fu\u0308r Biophysik, Kennedyallee 70, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Ollig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut fu\u0308r Biophysik, Kennedyallee 70, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Fuhrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Biochemie, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneel","family":"Kateriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Biochemie, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Musti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Farmaco-Biologico Universita\u0300 della Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Bamberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut fu\u0308r Biophysik, Kennedyallee 70, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hegemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut fu\u0308r Biochemie, Universita\u0308t Regensburg, Universita\u0308tsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/351489a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75436-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(90)82504-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79635-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.21.3857"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/7.5.305"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8034"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80271-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(00)00226-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A Ala; C Cys; D Asp; E Glu; F Phe; G Gly; H His; I Ile; K Lys; L Leu; M Met; N Asn; P Pro; Q Gln; R Arg; S Ser; T Thr; V Val; W Trp; and Y Tyr. x any amino acid."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)01356-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(98)77797-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1555"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kve045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1344"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(01)75855-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/311756a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(90)82469-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03556.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"G. Nagel et al. data not shown."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"We thank D. Stiegert for technical assistance W. Schwarz for help with pH-sensitive microelectrodes and D. Gradmann (University of G\u00f6ttingen) for many helpful suggestions. We are also grateful to U. B. Kaupp (Forschungzentrum J\u00fclich) W. K\u00fchlbrandt (Max-Planck-Institute Frankfurt) B. Ludwig (University of Frankfurt) and W. St\u00fchmer (Max-Planck-Institute G\u00f6ttingen) for critically reading the manuscript. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (G.N. E.B. and P.H.). Supporting Online Material www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/1072068\/DC1 Materials and Methods Fig. S1 References and Notes"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1072068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T22:48:04Z","timestamp":1704840484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1072068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,28]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5577","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1072068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1072068","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1008423.105707","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,28]]}}}