{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:45:11Z","timestamp":1776055511876,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5745","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a \u201ckernel of truth,\u201d or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,6]],"date-time":"2005-10-06T23:57:52Z","timestamp":1128643072000},"page":"96-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":282,"title":["National Character Does Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"310","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Terracciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kuwait, Post Office Box 68168, 71962, Kaifan, Kuwait."},{"name":"Faculty of Education and Psychology, Lo\u0301ra\u0301nd Eo\u0308tvo\u0308s University, 1075 Budapest, Kazinczy u. 23-25, Hungary."},{"name":"Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 813 64."},{"name":"Department of Education, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea."}]},{"given":"A. 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R.","family":"McCrae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kuwait, Post Office Box 68168, 71962, Kaifan, Kuwait."},{"name":"Faculty of Education and Psychology, Lo\u0301ra\u0301nd Eo\u0308tvo\u0308s University, 1075 Budapest, Kazinczy u. 23-25, Hungary."},{"name":"Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, 813 64."},{"name":"Department of Education, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"D. Peabody National Characteristics (Cambridge Univ. Press New York 1985)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"C. N. Macrae C. Stangor M. Hewstone Stereotypes and Stereotyping (Guilford Press New York 1996)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. T. Lee L. Jussim C. McCauley Stereotype Accuracy: Toward Appreciating Group Differences (American Psychological Association Washington DC 1995).","DOI":"10.1037\/10495-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167201278007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.36.9.929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.1.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8209250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.3.547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"P. T. Costa Jr. R. R. McCrae Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual (Psychological Assessment Resources Odessa FL 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"105","year":"2002","unstructured":"R. R. McCrae, in The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures, R. R. McCrae, J. Allik, Eds. (Kluwer Academic\/Plenum, New York, 2002), pp. 105\u2013125.","journal-title":"The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022103260382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"R. R. McCrae et al. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"J. E. Williams D. E. Best Measuring Sex Stereotypes: A Thirty Nation Study (Sage Newbury Park CA 1982)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.2.322"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.3.489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.66.1.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.696166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"129","year":"2002","unstructured":"A. T. Church, M. S. Katigbak, in The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures, R. R. McCrae, J. Allik, Eds. (Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2002), pp. 129\u2013154.","journal-title":"The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"A. Terracciano R. R. McCrae in 113th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (Washington DC 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00056-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.118.3.430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"By contrast distinct cultures within countries showed different profiles. In the UK the profiles of England and Northern Ireland showed no resemblance (ICC = \u20130.01). Similarly in the PRC the profiles of China and Hong Kong showed no resemblance (ICC = \u20130.25). There is some resemblance between Czech and Slovakian (ICC = 0.43 P < 0.05) and Serbian and Croatian (ICC = 0.43 P < 0.05) profiles; the separation of those nations is relatively recent."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"Additionally we compared NCS scores from the Philippines to ratings made by bicultural raters in an earlier study ( 20 ). Because Church and Katigbak used comparative judgments we created new NCS scores by subtracting Filipino ratings of the typical American from Filipino ratings of the typical Filipino. The correlation of these 30 difference scores with the Church and Katigbak ratings was 0.76 P < 0.001."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"Different standards of evaluation across cultures might have affected the results\u2014that is raters from some cultures may have been more generous or critical in their ratings than raters from other cultures distorting the comparison across cultures. On the assumption that such biases would affect ratings both of one's own compatriots and of Americans we calculated difference scores by subtracting each judge's rating of the typical American from his or her rating of the typical compatriot for each NCS item. Assuming that cultures agree on the typical American this procedure in effect subtracts the bias plus a constant and leaves a potentially better estimate of national character. We standardized the differences as T scores using difference score normative values from the worldwide sample excluding the United States. The difference scores were highly correlated with NCS scores ( r s = 0.65 to 0.91 P < 0.001) and provided essentially the same results. ICCs between difference scores and NEO-PI-R observer ratings ranged from \u20130.44 for England to 0.48 for Lebanon (median 0.03). ICCs between differences scores and NEO-PI-R self-reports ranged from \u20130.47 for Russia to 0.53 for Poland (median 0.01). For the five factors correlations with observer ratings across cultures ranged from 0.08 to 0.23 and those with self-reports ranged from \u20130.37 to 0.23. These results suggest that the lack of correspondence between NEO-PI-R and NCS profiles is not simply due to different standards of evaluation in different cultures. A different issue concerns the reference-group effect ( 28 ) according to which self-reports and observer ratings of individuals are implicitly made by reference to the distribution of scores in the rater's culture. Such an effect would tend to make aggregate personality scores uniform for all cultures and the failure to find correlations with NCS factors would be due to a lack of variation in aggregate NEO-PI-R means. However NEO-PI-R means in fact vary systematically across cultures and show strong correlations across methods and with other culture-level variables ( 12 14 ). Thus the reference-group effect cannot explain the failure to find correlations with NCS scales."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.6.903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.696173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.39.5.832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"T. W. Adorno E. Frenkel-Brunswik D. J. Levinson R. N. Sanford The Authoritarian Personality [Norton New York 1969 (original work published 1950)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"F. H. Allport The Nature of Prejudice (Houghton Mifflin New York 1954)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"R.R.M. receives royalties from the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of NIH National Institute on Aging. Czech participation was supported by grant 406\/01\/1507 from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic and is related to research plan AV AV0Z0250504 of the Institute of Psychology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. S.G.'s participation was supported by the Turkish Academy of Sciences. Burkinab\u00e9 and French Swiss participation was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation to J.R. The data collection in Hong Kong was supported by Research Grants Council Direct Allocation Grants (DAG02\/03.HSS14 and DAG03\/04.HSS14) awarded to M.Y. Data collection in Malaysia was supported by Univesiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant 11JD\/015\/2003 awarded to K.A.M. Portions of these data were presented at the 113th Convention of the American Psychological Association August 2005 Washington DC. For helpful comments on the manuscript we thank Y. H. Poortinga; for their assistance on this project we thank F. Abal L. de Almeida S. Baumann H. Biggs D. Bion A. Butkovi\u0107 C. Y. Carrasquillo H. W. Carvalho S. Catty C.-S. Chan A. Curbelo P. Duffill L. Etcheverry L. Firpo J. Gonzalez A. Gramberg H. Harrow H. Imuta R. Ismail R. Kamis S. Kannan N. Messoulam F. Molina M. Montarroyos Calegaro S. Mosquera J. C. Munene V. Najzrova C. Nathanson D. Padilla C. N. Scollon S. B. Sigurdardottir A. da Silva Bez M. Takayama T. W. Teasdale L. N. Van Heugten F. Vera and J. Villamil."}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1117199","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T04:09:33Z","timestamp":1704859773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1117199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5745","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.1117199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1117199","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,7]]}}}