{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:56:33Z","timestamp":1773053793611,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"5871","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report here the self-assembly of macroscopic sacs and membranes at the interface between two aqueous solutions, one containing a megadalton polymer and the other, small self-assembling molecules bearing opposite charge. The resulting structures have a highly ordered architecture in which nanofiber bundles align and reorient by nearly 90\u00b0 as the membrane grows. The formation of a diffusion barrier upon contact between the two liquids prevents their chaotic mixing. We hypothesize that growth of the membrane is then driven by a dynamic synergy between osmotic pressure of ions and static self-assembly. These robust, self-sealing macroscopic structures offer opportunities in many areas, including the formation of privileged environments for cells, immune barriers, new biological assays, and self-assembly of ordered thick membranes for diverse applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,27]],"date-time":"2008-03-27T21:53:56Z","timestamp":1206654836000},"page":"1812-1816","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":580,"title":["Self-Assembly of Large and Small Molecules into Hierarchically Ordered Sacs and Membranes"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"319","author":[{"given":"Ramille M.","family":"Capito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."},{"name":"3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."}]},{"given":"Helena S.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."},{"name":"3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."}]},{"given":"Yuri S.","family":"Velichko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."},{"name":"3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."},{"name":"3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."}]},{"given":"Samuel I.","family":"Stupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."},{"name":"3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA."}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01309a011","volume":"57","year":"1935","unstructured":"K. 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