{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:31:04Z","timestamp":1777393864913,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6121","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Accelerated Protons<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Although cosmic rays were first detected a hundred years ago, their origin is still not fully understood. Comic rays are high-energy particles, mostly protons, which bombard Earth from outer space. Most of those that originate from within our galaxy are thought to be accelerated in the shock waves from the explosion of massive stars, or supernovae. Protons accelerated in a supernova remnant will collide with interstellar material producing pions, a type of subatomic particle, which will then decay into gamma rays.\n            <jats:italic>\n              Ackermann\n              <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            (p.\n            <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" issue=\"6121\" page=\"807\" related-article-type=\"in-this-issue\" vol=\"339\" xlink:href=\"10.1126\/science.1231160\">807<\/jats:related-article>\n            ) present measurements of the energy spectra of two supernova remnants in our galaxy, IC443 and W44, in the energy range below 100 MeV down to 60 MeV with the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. The spectra reveal the pion-decay feature that is a signature of accelerated protons.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,14]],"date-time":"2013-02-14T20:26:28Z","timestamp":1360873588000},"page":"807-811","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":663,"title":["Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"339","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany."}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ajello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA."}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Allafort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy."}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Ballet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU\/CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France."}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Barbiellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy."}]},{"given":"M. G.","family":"Baring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS-108, Post Office Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA."}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Bastieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei,\" Universit\u00e0 di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy."}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Bechtol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA."}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bellazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy."}]},{"given":"R. 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