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However, their evolutionary relationships have been contentious, as have the origins of their distinctive digestive systems and headgear, including antlers and horns (see the Perspective by Ker and Yang). To understand the relationships among ruminants, L. Chen\n et al.<\/jats:italic>\n sequenced 44 species representing 6 families and performed a phylogenetic analysis. From this analysis, they were able to resolve the phylogeny of many genera and document incomplete lineage sorting among major clades. Interestingly, they found evidence for large population reductions among many taxa starting at approximately 100,000 years ago, coinciding with the migration of humans out of Africa. Examining the bony appendages on the head\u2014the so-called headgear\u2014Wang\n et al.<\/jats:italic>\n describe specific evolutionary changes in the ruminants and identify selection on cancer-related genes that may function in antler development in deer. Finally, Lin\n et al.<\/jats:italic>\n take a close look at the reindeer genome and identify the genetic basis of adaptations that allow reindeer to survive in the harsh conditions of the Arctic.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Science<\/jats:italic>\n , this issue p.\n eaav6202<\/jats:related-article>\n , p.\n eaav6335<\/jats:related-article>\n , p.\n eaav6312<\/jats:related-article>\n ; see also p.\n 1130<\/jats:related-article>\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav6312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T23:09:11Z","timestamp":1561072151000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer (\n Rangifer tarandus<\/i>\n )"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"364","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0210-8811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zeshan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, 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