{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T03:37:39Z","timestamp":1786678659749,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6725","content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined the impact of exposure to sugar restrictions within 1000 days after conception on type 2 diabetes and hypertension, leveraging quasi-experimental variation from the end of the United Kingdom\u2019s sugar rationing in September 1953. Rationing restricted sugar intake to levels within current dietary guidelines, and consumption nearly doubled immediately after rationing ended. Using an event study design with UK Biobank data comparing adults conceived just before or after rationing ended, we found that early-life rationing reduced type 2 diabetes and hypertension risk by about 35 and 20% and delayed disease onset by 4 and 2 years, respectively. Protection was evident with in utero exposure and increased with postnatal sugar restriction, especially after 6 months, when eating of solid foods likely began. In utero sugar rationing alone accounted for about one-third of the risk reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn5421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T18:00:52Z","timestamp":1730397652000},"page":"1043-1048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Exposure to sugar rationing in the first 1000 days of life protected against chronic disease"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"386","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1285-4468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tadeja","family":"Gracner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"name":"RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1867-9974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Boone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Department of Equity, Ethics, and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"name":"Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-7513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Gertler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA."},{"name":"National Bureau of Economics Research, Cambridge, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000512"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.101477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.238816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20171164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283527cf2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","volume-title":"Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children (World Health Organization, 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7492"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000408354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198204534.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980099000725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2007.00648.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4803244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. 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