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Although battery electric vehicles (BEVs) considerably reduce use-phase emissions, the transition poses a fundamental life cycle optimization challenge: Is there a net climate benefit to retiring a functional ICE vehicle before its end of life? Retiring a functioning ICE vehicle incurs a fundamental trade-off between BEV manufacturing emissions and decreased vehicle operation emissions. In this study, we evaluated this trade-off across a comprehensive range of retirement scenarios and found that scrappage-and-replacement yields consistent emissions reductions across most contexts, including the retirement of new ICE vehicles. Although scrapping a functional asset remains economically prohibitive under current market conditions, these results demonstrate a major mitigation potential for policy interventions, such as enhanced scrappage subsidies, to address the emissions of an increasingly durable ICE fleet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adv5441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T18:00:38Z","timestamp":1786039238000},"page":"591-595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The climate benefits of retiring a fully operational internal combustion engine vehicle"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"393","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3087-0571","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. 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