{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:26:23Z","timestamp":1792736783363,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","issue":"6822","funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs","award":["1043681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1043681"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs","award":["1559691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1559691"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs","award":["2129685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2129685"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Arctic Natural Sciences award NEY JMS","award":["1927148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1927148"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation Arctic Natural Sciences award GHM","award":["1927153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1927153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.science.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During interglaciations, the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), which is the largest of the Pleistocene ice sheets, retreats to Arctic Canada, where it achieves a minimum configuration. The reexpansion of the LIS following this minimum marks the start of the next glaciation. Here, we show that the last remaining remnant of the most recent LIS, Barnes Ice Cap (Baffin Island, Canada), achieved its minimum interglacial dimensions after ~3.6 thousand years ago, before reexpanding ~2000 years ago, marking the onset of the next glaciation. The new LIS reached maximum dimensions in ~1960 CE, after which anthropogenic summer warming resulted in a negative mass balance, ice margin recession, and the termination of the next glaciation. The demise of the next glaciation, despite the ongoing decline in summer insolation, illustrates the influence of anomalous greenhouse gas forcing on climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aed3379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:00:48Z","timestamp":1792692048000},"page":"455-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133\/aaas_crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Late Holocene reexpansion of the Laurentide Ice Sheet"],"prefix":"10.1126","volume":"394","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5958-937X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s E.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-2740","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gifford H.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0506-1737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martha","family":"Raynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-6376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helga","family":"Bueltmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Ecology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8865-9584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Scott J.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2959-3631","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan H.","family":"Raberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7065-2765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kylie","family":"Seward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4491-7764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon L.","family":"Pendleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science and Policy Program, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3169-5979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John T.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Webber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6358-7115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joerg M.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA."},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"221","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004PA001071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1221294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1562-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(76)90048-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7202\/032683ar"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-3791(93)90011-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-17-397-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-6182(02)00030-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1982)93<784:WAHOVB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ea.06.050178.001225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0576.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-14-1441-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JF003839"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/e80-124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"The Physics of Glaciers","author":"Cuffey K. M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"K. M. Cuffey, W. S. B. Paterson, The Physics of Glaciers (Elsevier, ed. 4, 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-1103-2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-19-2341-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"194","article-title":"Preservation of vegetation and patterned ground under a thin body in northern Baffin Island, N.W.T","volume":"8","author":"Falconer G.","year":"1966","unstructured":"G. Falconer, Preservation of vegetation and patterned ground under a thin body in northern Baffin Island, N.W.T. Geogr. Bull. 8, 194\u2013200 (1966).","journal-title":"Geogr. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL050168"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL072394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL057188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-13-1527-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2019.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/04353676.1976.11879925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15230430.2024.2442776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15230430.2024.2442776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000027398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616287114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/172756405781813122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL079447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Glaciological and climatological studies on the Barnes Ice Cap, 1962-1964","volume":"8","author":"Sagar R. B.","year":"1966","unstructured":"R. B. Sagar, Glaciological and climatological studies on the Barnes Ice Cap, 1962-1964. Geogr. Bull. 8, 3\u201347 (1966).","journal-title":"Geogr. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"O. H. Loken R. B. Sagar Mass balance observation on the Barnes Ice Cap Baffin Island Canada Commission of Snow and Ice General Assembly of Bern September to October 1967 pp. 282\u2013290; https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1571135649075675520."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-18-3591-2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"NOAA Global Monitoring Agency The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) (2025); https:\/\/gml.noaa.gov\/aggi\/aggi.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"P. Forster T. Storelvmo K. Armour W. Collins J.-L. Dufresne D. Frame D. J. Lunt T. Mauritsen M. D. Palmer M. Watanabe M. Wild H. Zhang \u201cThe Earth\u2019s energy budget climate feedbacks and climate sensitivity\u201d in Climate Change 2021 \u2013 The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge Univ. Press 2021) chap. 7.10.1017\/9781009157896.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-10-2057-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-363-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-3791(91)90033-Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075601"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2023.108345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2007.02.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2019.106091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2463"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"J. T. Andrews \u201cA geomorphological study of post-glacial uplift with particular reference to Arctic Canada \u201d Special Publication No. 1 (Institute of British Geographers 1970) pp. 150\u2013156."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"A. S. Dyke \u201cDeglacial chronology and uplift history: Northeastern sector Laurentide Ice Sheet\u201d (INSTAAR Occasional Paper no. 12 Univ. Colorado\u2013Boulder 1974)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03984-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-18-2599-2022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05536-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(73)90040-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2014.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","volume-title":"Canon of Insolation and the Ice-Age Problem","author":"Milankovi\u0107 M.","year":"1969","unstructured":"M. Milankovi\u0107, Canon of Insolation and the Ice-Age Problem (Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1969)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-18-1399-2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GC000891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3137\/ao.460303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp3491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/e74-036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GB004247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"C. D. Keeling S. C. Piper R. B. Bacastow M. Wahlen T. P. Whorf M. Heimann H. A. Meijer Eds. A History of Atmospheric CO2 and Its Effects on Plants Animals and Ecosystems Ecological Studies Series (Springer 2005) pp. 83\u2013113."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-473-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","unstructured":"N. Young In situ cosmogenic isotope measurements from Barnes Ice Cap Baffin Island 2022. NSF Arctic Data Center (2026); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18739\/A2086377Z."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","unstructured":"G. Miller N. Young J. Raberg M. Raynolds H. Bueltmann S. Lehman Radiocarbon ages of entombed vegetation around the Barnes Ice Cap Baffin Island Nunavut Canada. NSF Arctic Data Center (2026); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18739\/A2QR4NS8T."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2113\/gscanmin.43.1.409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precamres.2012.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/B25716.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(03)00003-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(01)00085-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2005.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.147.3658.608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.1057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1502-3885.1979.tb00817.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","unstructured":"C. Porter I. Howatt M. J. Noh E. Husby S. Khuvis E. Danish K. Tomko J. Gardiner A. Negrete B. Yadav J. Klassen C. Kelleher M. Cloutier J. Bakker J. Enos G. Arnold G. Bauer P. Morin ArcticDEM - Strips Version 4.1. Harvard Dataverse (2023); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/3VDC4W.10.7910\/DVN\/3VDC4W"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3189\/S0022143000027398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2016.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08307-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2007.01.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2009.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/jors.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/RDC.2020.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.2642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(91)90220-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2007.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-17-419-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JF006429"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/RDC.2021.95"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2014.02.005"}],"container-title":["Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.aed3379","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:01:02Z","timestamp":1792692062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aed3379"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6822","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1126\/science.aed3379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aed3379","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8075","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-9203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}