{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T21:35:39Z","timestamp":1774560939920,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,11]],"date-time":"2014-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]],"date-time":"2014-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans, causing a variety of diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to deep-seated systemic invasions. Mucus, the gel that coats all wet epithelial surfaces, accommodates\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    as part of the normal microbiota, where\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    resides asymptomatically in healthy humans. Through a series of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments combined with gene expression analysis, we show that mucin biopolymers, the main gel-forming constituents of mucus, induce a new oval-shaped morphology in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    in which a range of genes related to adhesion, filamentation, and biofilm formation are downregulated. We also show that corresponding traits are suppressed, rendering\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    impaired in forming biofilms on a range of different synthetic surfaces and human epithelial cells. Our data suggest that mucins can manipulate\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    physiology, and we hypothesize that they are key environmental signals for retaining\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    in the host-compatible, commensal state.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    The yeast\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    causes both superficial infections of the mucosa and life-threatening infections upon entering the bloodstream. However,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    is not always harmful and can exist as part of the normal microbiota without causing disease. Internal body surfaces that are susceptible to infection by\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    are coated with mucus, which we hypothesize plays an important role in preventing infections. Here, we show that the main components of mucus, mucin glycoproteins, suppress virulence attributes of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    at the levels of gene expression and the corresponding morphological traits. Specifically, mucins suppress attachment to plastic surfaces and human cells, the transition to cell-penetrating hyphae, and the formation of biofilms (drug-resistant microbial communities). Additionally, exposure to mucins induces an elongated morphology that physically resembles the mating-competent opaque state but is phenotypically distinct. We suggest that mucins are potent antivirulence molecules that have therapeutic potential for suppressing\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01911-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]],"date-time":"2014-11-12T00:17:17Z","timestamp":1415751437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Mucins Suppress Virulence Traits of Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Kavanaugh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of\u00a0Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"given":"Angela Q.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"given":"Clarissa J.","family":"Nobile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Alexander D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Ribbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02094-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2008.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01475-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"995","article-title":"Interaction of HIV-1 and human salivary mucins","volume":"7","author":"Bergey EJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"BergeyEJ ChoMI BlumbergBM Hammarskj\u00f6ldML RekoshD EpsteinLG LevineMJ . 1994. 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