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An established vaccine is available only for poliovirus, and no effective therapy is available for the treatment of infections caused by any pathogenic picornavirus. Peptide-conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMO) are single-stranded DNA-like antisense agents that readily enter cells. A panel of PPMO was tested for their antiviral activities against various picornaviruses. PPMO targeting conserved internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence were highly active against human rhinovirus type 14, coxsackievirus type B2, and poliovirus type 1 (PV1), reducing PV1 titers by up to 6 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            in cell cultures. Comparative sequence analysis led us to design a PPMO (EnteroX) targeting 22 nucleotides of IRES sequence that are perfectly conserved across greater than 99% of all human enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. EnteroX reduced PV1 replication in cell culture to an extent similar to that of other IRES-specific PPMO. Resistant PV1 arose in cell cultures after 12 passages in the presence of EnteroX and were found to have two mutations within the EnteroX target sequence. Nevertheless, cPVR transgenic mice treated once daily by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with EnteroX before and\/or after i.p. infection with 3 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n            PFU (three times the 50% lethal dose) of PV1 had an approximately 80% higher rate of survival than the controls. The viral titer in tissues taken at day 5 postinfection showed that animals in the EnteroX-treated group averaged over 3, 4, and 5 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            less virus in the small intestine, spinal cord, and brain, respectively, than the amount in the control animals. These results suggest that EnteroX may have broad therapeutic potential against entero- and rhinoviruses.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00011-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,18]],"date-time":"2008-03-18T00:59:24Z","timestamp":1205801964000},"page":"1970-1981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A Morpholino Oligomer Targeting Highly Conserved Internal Ribosome Entry Site Sequence Is Able To Inhibit Multiple Species of Picornavirus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey K.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Rijnbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVI BioPharma Inc., Corvallis, Oregon 97333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick L.","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AVI BioPharma Inc., Corvallis, Oregon 97333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Andino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"127","year":"2002","unstructured":"Agol, V. 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