{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:39:12Z","timestamp":1792715952428,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The human gastric pathogen\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    steals host cholesterol, modifies it by glycosylation, and incorporates the glycosylated cholesterol onto its surface via a cholesterol glucosyltransferase, encoded by\n                    <jats:italic>cgt<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The impact of cholesterol on\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    antimicrobial resistance is unknown.\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strain 26695 was cultured in Ham's F12 chemically defined medium in the presence or absence of cholesterol. The two cultures were subjected to overnight incubations with serial 2-fold dilutions of 12 antibiotics, six antifungals, and seven antimicrobial peptides (including LL-37 cathelicidin and human alpha and beta defensins). Of 25 agents tested, cholesterol-grown\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cells were substantially more resistant (over 100-fold) to nine agents than were\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cells grown without cholesterol. These nine agents included eight antibiotics and LL-37.\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    was susceptible to the antifungal drug pimaricin regardless of cholesterol presence in the culture medium. A\n                    <jats:italic>cgt<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant retained cholesterol-dependent resistance to most antimicrobials but displayed increased susceptibility to colistin, suggesting an involvement of lipid A. Mutation of\n                    <jats:italic>lpxE<\/jats:italic>\n                    , encoding lipid A1-phosphatase, led to loss of cholesterol-dependent resistance to polymyxin B and colistin but not other antimicrobials tested. The\n                    <jats:italic>cgt<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant was severely attenuated in gerbils, indicating that glycosylation is essential\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">in vivo<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . These findings suggest that cholesterol plays a vital role in virulence and contributes to the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00016-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,4]],"date-time":"2011-04-04T23:18:51Z","timestamp":1301959131000},"page":"2897-2904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Cholesterol Enhances Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Antibiotics and LL-37"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"McGee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2014Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alika E.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2014Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71209"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Trainor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2014Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2014Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Mailstop 6540, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci L.","family":"Testerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center\u2014Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2002.00222.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80538-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(02)80062-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.7.s1.7.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.4.481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.7.2065-2070.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"205","article-title":"Lipid profiles of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae grown in serum-supplemented and serum-free media","volume":"49","author":"Haque M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"HaqueM. 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