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Garlic extract, allicin, and DAS significantly inhibited the growth of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:named-content>\n            (greater than 3 log;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01) compared to control cells. Heat inactivation of the garlic extracts significantly reduced the protein concentration; however, the antimicrobial effect was retained. Purified proteins from garlic extract did not exhibit antimicrobial activity. Allicin lost all its antimicrobial effect when it was subjected to heat treatment, whereas DAS demonstrated an antimicrobial effect similar to that of the garlic extract, suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of garlic extract is mainly due to DAS. An\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilm-killing assay performed with DAS showed a significant reduction in biofilm cell numbers, as evidenced by both confocal microscopy and culture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of DAS-treated\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilms showed alterations of colony architecture indicating severe stress. Flow cytometry analysis of OBA9 cells did not demonstrate apoptosis or cell cycle arrest at therapeutic concentrations of DAS (0.01 and 0.1 \u03bcg\/ml). DAS-treated\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells demonstrated complete inhibition of glutathione (GSH)\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            -transferase (GST) activity. However, OBA9 cells, when exposed to DAS at similar concentrations, showed no significant differences in GST activity, suggesting that DAS-induced GST inhibition might be involved in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:named-content>\n            cell death. These findings demonstrate that DAS exhibits significant antibacterial activity against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:named-content>\n            and that this property might be utilized for exploring its therapeutic potential in treatment of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:named-content>\n            -associated oral and nonoral infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00020-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]],"date-time":"2012-02-14T04:11:22Z","timestamp":1329192682000},"page":"2397-2407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Efficacy of Diallyl Sulfides against the Periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Kabilan","family":"Velliyagounder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnaraj","family":"Ganeshnarayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senthil Kumar","family":"Velusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.09.60","article-title":"Efficacy of niosomal formulation of diallyl sulfide against experimental candidiasis in Swiss albino mice","volume":"4","author":"Alam M","year":"2009","unstructured":"AlamM DwivediV KhanAA MohammadO. 2009. 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