{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:09:39Z","timestamp":1765354179782},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Nocardia farcinica<\/jats:italic>strains showing high-level resistance to amikacin were isolated from clinical cases in a Canada-wide bovine mastitis epizootic. Shotgun cloning of the resistance genes in the amikacin-resistant mastitis isolate<jats:italic>N. farcinica<\/jats:italic>IFM 10580 (W6220 [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]) using a multicopy vector system revealed that the 16S rRNA gene with an A-to-G single-point mutation at position 1408 (in<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>numbering) conferred \u201cmoderate\u201d cross-resistance to amikacin and other aminoglycosides to an originally susceptible<jats:italic>N. farcinica<\/jats:italic>strain IFM 10152. Subsequent DNA sequence analyses revealed that, in contrast to the susceptible strain, all three chromosomal 16S rRNA genes of IFM 10580, the epizootic clinical strain, contained the same A1408G point mutations. Mutant colonies showing high-level aminoglycoside resistance were obtained when the susceptible strain<jats:italic>N. farcinica<\/jats:italic>IFM 10152 was transformed with a multicopy plasmid carrying the A1408G mutant 16S rRNA gene and was cultured in the presence of aminoglycosides for 3 to 5 days. Of these transformants, at least two of the three chromosomal 16S rRNA genes contained A1408G mutations. A triple mutant was easily obtained from a strain carrying the two chromosomal A1408G mutant genes and one wild-type gene, even in the absence of the plasmid. The triple mutant showed the highest level of resistance to aminoglycosides, even in the absence of the plasmid carrying the mutant 16S rRNA gene. These results suggest that the homozygous mutations in the three 16S rRNA genes are responsible for the high-level aminoglycoside resistance found in<jats:italic>N. farcinica<\/jats:italic>isolates of the bovine mastitis epizootic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00021-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,23]],"date-time":"2010-03-23T01:42:20Z","timestamp":1269308540000},"page":"2385-2390","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Homozygous Triplicate Mutations in Three 16S rRNA Genes Responsible for High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance in<i>Nocardia farcinica<\/i>Clinical Isolates from a Canada-Wide Bovine Mastitis Epizootic"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Kogure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reona","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsukiyo","family":"Yazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"June M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzuru","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tohru","family":"Gonoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.5.1295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(87)90349-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01098-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.04.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2007.45","volume":"60","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chiba, K., Y. 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