{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:15:23Z","timestamp":1790644523107,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can infect a wide range of vertebrate cells. Here, we describe the cytotoxic effects of the dinuclear iron compound [Fe(HPCINOL)(SO\n            <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n            )]\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            -\u03bc-oxo, in which HPCINOL is the ligand 1-(bis-pyridin-2-ylmethyl-amino)-3-chloropropan-2-ol, on\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n            infecting LLC-MK2 host cells. This compound was not toxic to LLC-MK2 cells at concentrations of up to 200 \u03bcM but was very active against the parasite, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of 3.6 \u03bcM after 48 h of treatment. Cyst formation was observed after treatment, as indicated by the appearance of a cyst wall,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Dolichos biflorus<\/jats:named-content>\n            lectin staining, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy characteristics. Ultrastructural changes were also seen in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , including membrane blebs and clefts in the cytoplasm, with inclusions similar to amylopectin granules, which are typically found in bradyzoites. An analysis of the cell death pathways in the parasite revealed that the compound caused a combination of apoptosis and autophagy. Fluorescence assays demonstrated that the redox environment in the LLC-MK2 cells becomes oxidant in the presence of the iron compound. Furthermore, a reduction in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the treated parasites and the presence of reactive oxygen species within the parasitophorous vacuoles were observed, indicating an impaired protozoan response against these radicals. These findings suggest that this compound disturbs the redox equilibrium of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , inducing cystogenesis and parasite death.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00057-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T02:23:49Z","timestamp":1442888629000},"page":"7374-7386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Reduction of Toxoplasma gondii Development Due to Inhibition of Parasite Antioxidant Enzymes by a Dinuclear Iron(III) Compound"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"J. A.","family":"Portes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia em Cultura de C\u00e9lulas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. G.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia em Cultura de C\u00e9lulas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. A. T.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Tecnologia em Cultura de C\u00e9lulas, Centro Universit\u00e1rio Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. L. R.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. P.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Citotoxicidade e Genotoxicidade, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Citotoxicidade e Genotoxicidade, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"A.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Centro de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Centro de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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