{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T03:21:27Z","timestamp":1789701687677,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n The aim of the present study was to synthesize silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) nanoparticles (NPs) using green synthesis from aqueous leaf extract of\n Euphorbia prostrata<\/jats:named-content>\n as antileishmanial agents and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of induced cell death.\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n antileishmanial activity of synthesized NPs was tested against promastigotes of\n Leishmania donovani<\/jats:named-content>\n by alamarBlue and propidium iodide uptake assays. Antileishmanial activity of synthesized NPs on intracellular amastigotes was assessed by Giemsa staining. The leishmanicidal effect of synthesized Ag NPs was further confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay and by cell cycle progression and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the treated parasites. TEM analysis of the synthesized Ag NPs showed a spherical shape with an average size of 12.82 \u00b1 2.50 nm, and in comparison to synthesized TiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n NPs, synthesized Ag NPs were found to be most active against\n Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n parasites after 24 h exposure, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC\n 50<\/jats:sub>\n ) of 14.94 \u03bcg\/ml and 3.89 \u03bcg\/ml in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, respectively. A significant increase in G\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n \/G\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n phase of the cell cycle with a subsequent decrease in S (synthesis) and G\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/M phases compared to controls was observed. The growth-inhibitory effect of synthesized Ag NPs was attributed to increased length of S phase. A decreased reactive oxygen species level was also observed, which could be responsible for the caspase-independent shift from apoptosis (G\n 0<\/jats:sub>\n \/G\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n arrest) to massive necrosis. High-molecular-weight DNA fragmentation as a positive consequence of necrotic cell death was also visualized. We also report that the unique trypanothione\/trypanothione reductase (TR) system of\n Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n cells was significantly inhibited by synthesized Ag NPs. The green-synthesized Ag NPs may provide promising leads for the development of cost-effective and safer alternative treatment against visceral leishmaniasis.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00098-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,2]],"date-time":"2015-06-02T09:55:09Z","timestamp":1433238909000},"page":"4782-4799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["Green Synthesis of Silver and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia prostrata Extract Shows Shift from Apoptosis to G\n 0<\/sub>\n \/G\n 1<\/sub>\n Arrest followed by Necrotic Cell Death in Leishmania donovani"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Abdul Abduz","family":"Zahir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira Singh","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Division, CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asokan","family":"Bagavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinnaperumal","family":"Kamaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gandhi","family":"Elango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmission Electron Microscopy, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Arjaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmission Electron Microscopy, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvaraj Mohana","family":"Roopan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Abdul","family":"Rahuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeloo","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Division, CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2010.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.68528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/16\/10\/059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Nanoparticles fabrication using ambient biological resources","volume":"19","author":"Sinha S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sinha S, Pan I, Chanda P, Sen SK. 2009. Nanoparticles fabrication using ambient biological resources. J Appl Biosci 19:1113\u20131130.","journal-title":"J Appl Biosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2005.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"285","article-title":"Nanosilver in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER): an in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"17","author":"Mohebali M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mohebali M, Rezayat M, Gilani K, Sarkar S, Akhoundi B, Esmaeili J, Satvat T, Elikaee S, Charehdar S, Hooshyar H. 2009. Nanosilver in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER): an in vitro and in vivo study. DARU J Pharm Sci 17:285\u2013289.","journal-title":"DARU J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2008.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S23883","article-title":"Antileishmanial effect of silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antiparasitic activity under ultraviolet light","volume":"6","author":"Allahverdiyev AM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allahverdiyev AM, Abamor ES, Bagirova M, Ustundag CB, Kaya C, Kaya F, Rafailovich M. 2011. Antileishmanial effect of silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antiparasitic activity under ultraviolet light. Int J Nanomed 6:2705.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Nanogold for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER): an animal trial with methanol extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis","volume":"1","author":"Torabi N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Torabi N, Mohebali M, Shahverdi AR, Rezayat SM, Edrissian GH, Esmaeili J, Charehdar S. 2011. Nanogold for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER): an animal trial with methanol extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. J Pharm Health Sci 1:13\u201316.","journal-title":"J Pharm Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1126088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04815.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.01.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"447","article-title":"Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract","volume":"8","author":"Sundrarajan M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sundrarajan M, Gowri S. 2011. Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. Chalcogenide Lett 8:447\u2013451.","journal-title":"Chalcogenide Lett"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Medicinal plants 1","author":"Schmelzer GH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmelzer GH, Gurib-Fakim A. 2008. Medicinal plants 1. PROTA Foundation. Backhuys Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.37275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138955708783498168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2003-5-618","article-title":"Evaluation of sage phenolics for their antileishmanial activity and modulatory effects on interleukin-6, interferon and tumour necrosis factor-alpha-release in RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"58","author":"Radtke OA","year":"2003","unstructured":"Radtke OA, Foo LY, Lu Y, Kiderlen AF, Kolodziej H. 2003. Evaluation of sage phenolics for their antileishmanial activity and modulatory effects on interleukin-6, interferon and tumour necrosis factor-alpha-release in RAW 264.7 cells. Zeitschrift Naturforsch C 58:395\u2013400.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Naturforsch C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.91005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Parthenium leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a novel approach towards weed utilization","volume":"4","author":"Parashar V","year":"2009","unstructured":"Parashar V, Parashar R, Sharma B, Pandey AC. 2009. Parthenium leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: a novel approach towards weed utilization. Digest J Nanomaterials Biostructures 4:45\u201350.","journal-title":"Digest J Nanomaterials Biostructures"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2010.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2432410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1044-0305(98)00159-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00436-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2127-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02425-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2014.44025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.6.1895-1901.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.07.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201961200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"537","article-title":"Green synthesis of nanosilver particles from extract of Eucalyptus hybrida (safeda) leaf","volume":"4","author":"Dubey M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dubey M, Bhadauria S, Kushwah B. 2009. Green synthesis of nanosilver particles from extract of Eucalyptus hybrida (safeda) leaf. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 4:537\u2013543.","journal-title":"Dig J Nanomater Biostruct"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2004.11.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"10815","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry","author":"Coates J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coates J. 2000. Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach, p 10815\u201310837. In R. A. Meyers (ed), Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2012.04.007","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants extract and analysis of their antimicrobial property","volume":"19","author":"Logeswari P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Logeswari P, Silambarasan S, Abraham J. 2012. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plants extract and analysis of their antimicrobial property. J Saudi Chem Soc 19:311\u2013317.","journal-title":"J Saudi Chem Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1573"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B512540E"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-198-1","volume-title":"Characterization of nanoparticles intended for drug delivery","author":"McNeil SE","year":"2011","unstructured":"McNeil SE. 2011. Characterization of nanoparticles intended for drug delivery. Springer, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02193-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07479.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/2320-6012.ijrms20141122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np010605o"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ml1002629"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.10.058"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00098-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00098-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T18:01:32Z","timestamp":1645466492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.00098-15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.00098-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00098-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-01-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-05-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-07-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}