{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:28:46Z","timestamp":1740133726563,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI112015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI112015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33 AI076062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33 AI076062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Injury occurring on the surface of the rectal mucosal lining that causes defects in barrier function may result in increased risk for transmission of infection by HIV and other pathogens. Such injury could occur from microbicidal or other topical agents, mechanical trauma during consensual or nonconsensual intercourse, or inflammatory conditions. Tools for evaluation of rectal mucosal barrier function for assessing the mucosa under these conditions are lacking, particularly those that can provide\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            structural and functional barrier integrity assessment and are adaptable to longitudinal imaging. We investigated confocal endomicroscopy (CE) as a means for\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            imaging of the rectal epithelial barrier in the ovine model following spatially confined injury to the surface at a controlled site using a topical application of the microbicide test agent benzalkonium chloride. Topical and intravenous (i.v.) fluorescent probes were used with CE to provide subcellular resolution imaging of the mucosal surface and assessment of barrier function loss. A 3-point CE grading system based on cellular structure integrity and leakage of dye through the mucosa showed significant differences in score between untreated (1.19 \u00b1 0.53) and treated (2.55 \u00b1 0.75) tissue (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.0001). Histological grading confirmed findings of barrier compromise. The results indicate that CE is an effective means for detecting epithelial injury and barrier loss following localized trauma in a large-animal model. CE is promising for real-time rectal mucosal evaluation after injury or trauma or topical application of emerging biomedical prevention strategies designed to combat HIV.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00134-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T02:39:50Z","timestamp":1463452790000},"page":"4600-4609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>In Vivo<\/i>\n            Rectal Mucosal Barrier Function Imaging in a Large-Animal Model by Using Confocal Endomicroscopy: Implications for Injury Assessment and Use in HIV Prevention Studies"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Gracie","family":"Vargas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen Listiak","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Szafron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyra Caitlin","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula Patricia","family":"Villarreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Bourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregg N.","family":"Milligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massoud","family":"Motamedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05463.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182898392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12064","article-title":"Heterosexual anal intercourse: a neglected risk factor for HIV?","volume":"69","author":"Baggaley RF","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baggaley RF, Dimitrov D, Owen BN, Pickles M, Butler AR, Masse B, Boily MC. 2013. 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Sexual lubricants in South Africa may potentially disrupt mucosal surfaces and increase HIV transmission risk among men who have sex with men. 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