{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T07:27:07Z","timestamp":1767770827731},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]],"date-time":"2011-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We evaluated antimicrobial resistance in\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolated from men enrolled in a randomized trial of male circumcision to prevent HIV. Urethral specimens from men with discharge were cultured for\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            . MICs were determined by agar dilution. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria defined resistance: penicillin, tetracycline, and azithromycin MICs of \u22652.0 \u03bcg\/ml; a ciprofloxacin MIC of \u22651.0 \u03bcg\/ml; and a spectinomycin MIC of \u2265128.0 \u03bcg\/ml. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefixime was shown by an MIC of \u22640.25 \u03bcg\/ml. Additionally, PCR amplification identified mutations in\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            genes in selected isolates. From 2002 to 2009, 168\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates were obtained from 142 men. Plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance was found in 65%, plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance in 97%, and 11% were ciprofloxacin resistant (quinolone-resistant\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            [QRNG]). QRNG appeared in November 2007, increasing from 9.5% in 2007 to 50% in 2009. Resistance was not detected for spectinomycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin, but MICs of cefixime (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.018), ceftriaxone (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001), and azithromycin (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.097) increased over time. In a random sample of 51 men, gentamicin MICs were as follows: 4 \u03bcg\/ml (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1), 8 \u03bcg\/ml (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 49), and 16 \u03bcg\/ml (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 1). QRNG increased rapidly and alternative regimens are required for\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            treatment in this area. Amid emerging multidrug-resistant\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            , antimicrobial resistance surveillance is essential for effective drug choice. High levels of plasmid-mediated resistance and increasing MICs for cephalosporins suggest that selective pressure from antibiotic use is a strong driver of resistance emergence.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00155-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,24]],"date-time":"2011-05-24T04:19:47Z","timestamp":1306210787000},"page":"3882-3888","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Emergence of Quinolone Resistance and Cephalosporin MIC Creep in\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            Isolates from a Cohort of Young Men in Kisumu, Kenya, 2002 to 2009"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Supriya D.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Maclean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeckoniah O.","family":"Ndinya-Achola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Ronald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Agunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIM Project, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Murugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIM Project, Kisumu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Melendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Zenilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.12.3744-3749.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme. 2010. 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