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Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected from, and abdominal ultrasound examinations conducted on, volunteers infected with<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>and living in an area where the disease is endemic, both prior to and one year after treatment with praziquantel. Subjects were classified into groups according to the level of pathology (i.e., absent, incipient, moderate, or severe fibrosis). PBMCs were stimulated with schistosome soluble egg antigens (SEA), and the levels of production of the cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor \u03b2, and interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13 were determined. The chemotherapy was effective in reducing morbidity, particularly for individuals presenting with severe fibrosis. When levels of cytokine production in posttreatment PBMC cultures stimulated by SEA were categorized as low or high, significant differences in the distribution of IL-13 levels between groups presenting with or not presenting with fibrosis were established. Comparison of pre- and posttreatment SEA-induced cytokine levels in individuals who had experienced no change in the grade of fibrosis following chemotherapy revealed that the level of IFN-\u03b3 decreased in subjects with fibrosis whereas that of IL-10 decreased in individuals with and without fibrosis. The data suggest that chemotherapy is effective in reducing the morbidity of the disease and that the level of IL-13 may be a useful indicator of the persistence of fibrosis following treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00173-08","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,3]],"date-time":"2008-06-03T00:58:18Z","timestamp":1212454698000},"page":"2780-2786","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effect of Chemotherapy with Praziquantel on the Production of Cytokines and Morbidity Associated with Schistosomiasis Mansoni"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Martins-Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nu\u0301cleo de Pesquisa em Imunologia, Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Gazzinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Rene\u0301 Rachou\u2014Fundac\u0327a\u0303o Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Santa Casa de Miserico\u0301rdia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. 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