{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:44:01Z","timestamp":1790405041034,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]],"date-time":"2010-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The development of arachidonic acid (ARA) for treatment of schistosomiasis is an entirely novel approach based on a breakthrough discovery in schistosome biology revealing that activation of parasite tegument-bound neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) by unsaturated fatty acids, such as ARA, induces exposure of parasite surface membrane antigens to antibody binding and eventual attrition of developing schistosomula and adult worms. Here, we demonstrate that 5 mM ARA leads to irreversible killing of ex vivo 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-week-old\n            <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n            and 9-, 10-, and 12-week-old\n            <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n            worms within 3 to 4 h, depending on the parasite age, even when the worms were maintained in up to 50% fetal calf serum. ARA-mediated worm attrition was prevented by nSMase inhibitors, such as CaCl\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            and GW4869. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that ARA-mediated worm killing was associated with spine destruction, membrane blebbing, and disorganization of the apical membrane structure. ARA-mediated\n            <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n            worm attrition was reproduced\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            in a series of 6 independent experiments using BALB\/c or C57BL\/6 mice, indicating that ARA in a pure form (Sigma) or included in infant formula (Nestle) consistently led to 40 to 80% decrease in the total worm burden. Arachidonic acid is already marketed for human use in the United States and Canada for proper development of newborns and muscle growth of athletes; thus, ARA has potential as a safe and cost-effective addition to antischistosomal therapy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00173-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]],"date-time":"2010-05-18T02:10:59Z","timestamp":1274148659000},"page":"3383-3389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>In Vivo<\/i>\n            Activities of Arachidonic Acid against\n            <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Rashika","family":"El Ridi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Aboueldahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ein Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Tallima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schistosome Biological Materials Supply Program, Theodore Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Mahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samia","family":"Fawzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ein Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadia H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ein Shams University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar M.","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2.S1.S35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(98)00104-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.12.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"155","volume":"462","year":"2009","unstructured":"Contreras, F. 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