{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:27:08Z","timestamp":1789471628782,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n As comparative pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) studies of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) against\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n spp. are lacking, we explored L-AMB pharmacodynamics against different\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n species in an\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n PK\/PD dilution model. Eight\n Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Candida krusei<\/jats:italic>\n isolates (EUCAST\/CLSI AMB MIC 0.125\u20131 mg\/L) were studied in the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n PK\/PD model simulating L-AMB\n C<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n = 0.25\u201364 mg\/L and\n t<\/jats:italic>\n 1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n = 9 h. The model was validated with one susceptible and one resistant\n Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n isolate. The\n C<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n \/MIC-log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n CFU\/mL reduction from the initial inoculum was analyzed with the\n E<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n model, and Monte Carlo analysis was performed for the standard (3 mg\/kg with\n C<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n = 21.87 \u00b1 12.47 mg\/L) and higher (5 mg\/kg with\n C<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n = 83 \u00b1 35.2 mg\/L) L-AMB dose. A \u22651.5 log\n 10<\/jats:sub>\n CFU\/mL reduction was found at L-AMB\n C<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n = 8 mg\/L against\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n isolates (MIC 0.25\u20130.5 mg\/L) whereas L-AMB\n C<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n \u2265 32 mg\/L was required for\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. The\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n PK\/PD relationship followed a sigmoidal pattern (\n R<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2265 0.85) with a mean\n C<\/jats:italic>\n max<\/jats:sub>\n \/MIC required for stasis of 2.1 for\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n (close to the\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n stasis), 24\/17 (EUCAST\/CLSI) for\n C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n , 8 for\n C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n , and 10 for\n C. krusei<\/jats:italic>\n . The probability of target attainment was \u226599% for\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n wild-type (WT) isolates with 3 mg\/kg and for wild-type isolates of the other species with 5 mg\/kg. L-AMB was four- to eightfold less active against the included non-\n C<\/jats:italic>\n .\n albicans<\/jats:italic>\n species than\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n . A standard 3-mg\/kg dose is pharmacodynamically sufficient for\n C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n whereas our data suggest that 5 mg\/kg may be recommendable for the included non-\n C<\/jats:italic>\n .\n albicans<\/jats:italic>\n species.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00225-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T13:00:20Z","timestamp":1720011620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative pharmacodynamics and dose optimization of liposomal amphotericin B against\n Candida<\/i>\n species in an\n in vitro<\/i>\n pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Maria-Ioanna","family":"Beredaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, NKUA, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4747-0144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maiken C.","family":"Arendrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Mycology, Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyros","family":"Pournaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, NKUA, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8869-1509","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Meletiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, NKUA, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2477-2482.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780801968571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2018.1487150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.922-926.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.674-684.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03832.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.11.2660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.4895-4902.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60605-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4453-4456.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000341370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/30.3.313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199305000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"CLSI Doc M27-A3Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: approved standard","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2008. CLSI Doc M27-A3. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: approved standard. 3rd ed","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01292-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.3.834-840.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02661-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.3.397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). 2020. Amphotericin B ratioanle document for EUCAST clinical breakpoints. 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