{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1783054117346,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001343","name":"University of Pretoria","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Doctoral Research Bursary"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Doctoral Research Bursary"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Therapeutic options for\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            are limited due to emerging global resistance. New agents and treatment options to treat patients with susceptible and multi-extensively drug-resistant\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            is a high priority. This study used an\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            approach to explore the antimicrobial potential, as well as synergistic effects of Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box compounds against ATCC and clinical\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            strains. Microbroth dilution assay was used to determine pathogen-specific minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the Pathogen Box compounds against susceptible and resistant\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            strains, with modification, by adding PrestoBlue HS Cell Viability Reagent. A checkerboard assay was used to determine synergy between the active compounds and in conjunction with ceftriaxone. Time-kill kinetics was performed to determine if the compounds were either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. The Pathogen Box compounds: MMV676501, MMV002817, MMV688327, MMV688508, MMV024937, MMV687798 (levofloxacin), MMV021013, and MMV688978 (auranofin) showed potent activity against resistant strains of\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            at an MIC and MBC of \u226410 \u00b5M. Besides the eight compounds, MMV676388 and MMV272144 were active against susceptible\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            strains, also at MIC and MBC of \u226410 \u00b5M. All the compounds were bactericidal and were either synergistic or additive with fractional inhibitory concentration index ranging between 0.40 and 1.8. The study identified novel Pathogen Box compounds with potent activity against\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            strains and has the potential to be further investigated as primary or adjunctive therapy to treat gonococcal infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00348-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T13:00:58Z","timestamp":1696424458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antimicrobial effects of Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box compounds on strains of\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Mensah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Bernard","family":"Fourie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remco P. H.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Foundation for Professional Development, Research Unit , East London, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n. 2018. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance. Atlanta GA. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/newsroom\/2019\/2018-STD-surveillance-report.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n. 2011. Emergence of multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: threat of global rise in untreatable sexually transmitted infections. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/70603\/WHO_RHR_11.14_eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization\n. 2012. Global action plan to control the spread and impact of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/44863\/9789241503501_eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Gonorrhea infection in women: prevalence, effects, screening, and management","volume":"3","author":"Walker CK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Walker CK , Sweet RL . 2012. Gonorrhea infection in women: prevalence, effects, screening, and management. Int J Womens Health 3:197.","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.965-981.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328320a836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.05.077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"WHO\n. 2011. Emergence of multi-drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: threat of global rise in untreatable sexually transmitted infections. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/70603\/WHO_RHR_11.14_eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0009-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05760-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00906-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"WHO\n. 2016. WHO guidelines for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/246114\/9789241549691-eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI)","author":"Bignell C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bignell C , Unemo M . 2014. European guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of Gonorrhoea in adults. In International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI). United kingdom: International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2011.011267"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Australian STI management guidelines for use in primary care","author":"Australasian Sexual Health Alliance (ASHA)","year":"2017","unstructured":"Australasian Sexual Health Alliance (ASHA) . 2017. Australian STI management guidelines for use in primary care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6950a6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2200455"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.150868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2404.171873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.171756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.42.17-00659"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.21.1800264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00379-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201200428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52176-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","volume-title":"Breakpoint tables for interpretation of Mics and zone diameters. Version 11.0","author":"EUCAST. The European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2021","unstructured":"EUCAST. The European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing . 2021. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of Mics and zone diameters. Version 11.0. European Committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62696-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34771-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"CLSI","year":"2022","unstructured":"CLSI . 2022. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 32nd Edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Berwyn, PA.","edition":"32"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.2.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.4.828-830.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266764"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.4.860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-8579(99)00143-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201800755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2022.2080113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00739-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00999-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62976-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4321-4327.2005"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aac.00348-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aac.00348-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T14:05:46Z","timestamp":1700057146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aac.00348-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Audrey","family":"Odom John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aac.00348-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00348-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00348-23"}}