{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:21:42Z","timestamp":1764332502181,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]],"date-time":"2017-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["642609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["642609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The 4-aminoquinoline chloroquine (CQ) is clinically used in combination with doxycycline to cure chronic Q fever, as it enhances the activity of the antibiotic against the causative bacterium\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:named-content>\n            residing within macrophage phagolysosomes. As there is a similar cellular host-pathogen biology for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            parasites, this study aimed to determine whether such an approach could also be the basis for a new, improved treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). We have evaluated the\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            activities of combinations of CQ with the standard drugs paromomycin (PM), miltefosine, and amphotericin B against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania major<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leishmania mexicana<\/jats:named-content>\n            . In 72-h intracellular antileishmanial assays, outcomes were variable for different drugs. Significantly, the addition of 10 \u03bcM CQ to PM reduced 50% effective concentrations (EC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s) by over 5-fold against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. major<\/jats:named-content>\n            and against normally insensitive\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. mexicana<\/jats:named-content>\n            parasites. In murine models of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. major<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. mexicana<\/jats:named-content>\n            CL, daily coadministration of 50 mg\/kg of body weight PM and 25 mg\/kg CQ for 10 days resulted in a significant reduction in lesion size but not in parasite load compared to those for mice given the same doses of PM alone. Overall, our data indicate that PM-CQ combination therapy is unlikely to be a potential candidate for further preclinical development.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00358-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]],"date-time":"2017-06-13T00:30:23Z","timestamp":1497313823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Efficacy of Paromomycin-Chloroquine Combination Therapy in Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Gert-Jan","family":"Wijnant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"Van Bocxlaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Yardley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudaxshina","family":"Murdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon L.","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40506-015-0038-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"World Health Organization technical report series","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2010. 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