{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T17:52:34Z","timestamp":1771609954026,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial treatment of persistent infection to eliminate transmission risk represents a specific challenge requiring compelling evidence of complete pathogen clearance. The limited repertoire of antimicrobial agents targeted at protozoal parasites magnifies this challenge. Using<jats:italic>Babesia caballi<\/jats:italic>as both a model and a specific apicomplexan pathogen for which evidence of the elimination of transmission risk is required for international animal movement, we tested whether a high-dose regimen of imidocarb dipropionate cleared infection from persistently infected asymptomatic horses and\/or eliminated transmission risk. Clearance with elimination of transmission risk was supported by the following four specific lines of evidence: (i) inability to detect parasites by quantitative PCR and nested PCR amplification, (ii) conversion from seropositive to seronegative status, (iii) inability to transmit infection by direct inoculation of blood into susceptible recipient horses, and (iv) inability to transmit infection by ticks acquisition fed on the treated horses and subsequently transmission fed on susceptible horses. In contrast, untreated horses remained infected and capable of transmitting<jats:italic>B. caballi<\/jats:italic>using the same criteria. These findings establish that imidocarb dipropionate treatment clears<jats:italic>B. caballi<\/jats:italic>infection with confirmation of lack of transmission risk either by direct blood transfer or a high tick burden. Importantly, the treated horses revert to seronegative status according to the international standard for serologic testing and would be permitted to move between countries where the pathogen is endemic and countries that are free of the pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00404-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,21]],"date-time":"2009-07-21T00:58:33Z","timestamp":1248137913000},"page":"4327-4332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Imidocarb Dipropionate Clears Persistent<i>Babesia caballi<\/i>Infection with Elimination of Transmission Potential"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"O. Nicolas","family":"Schwint","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, School for Global Animal Heath, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, School for Global Animal Heath, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy H.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, School for Global Animal Heath, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lowell S.","family":"Kappmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa T.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7010"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Timothy","family":"Cordes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Equine Programs, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1234"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, School for Global Animal Heath, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7040"},{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glen A.","family":"Scoles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, Washington 99164-6630"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32521-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90011-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80070-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"1538","volume":"159","year":"1971","unstructured":"Carbrey, E. A., R. J. Avery, R. C. Knowles, and S. C. Sash. 1971. Chemotherapy of equine babesiosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.159:1538-1545.","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-009-0020-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(92)90061-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(86)90004-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3138RN"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.95.9.188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"697","volume":"30","year":"1969","unstructured":"Frerichs, W. M., A. A. Holbrook, and A. J. Johnson. 1969. Equine piroplasmosis: complement-fixation titers of horses infected with Babesia caballi. Am. J. Vet. Res.30:697-702.","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.9.4.535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04670.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1998.18.139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01050-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.3.698-701.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00766-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2285-2290.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)10007-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.12.3122-3126.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/525852"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807163390304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.6.1152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00251-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776249435","volume":"33","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilson, W. D., J. E. Mihalyi, S. Hussey, and D. P. Lunn. 2001. Passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulin isotype antibodies against tetanus and influenza and their effect on the response of foals to vaccination. Equine Vet. J.33:644-650.","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00404-09","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00404-09","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:57:22Z","timestamp":1710496642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.00404-09"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.00404-09"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00404-09","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-07-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2009-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}