{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:47:56Z","timestamp":1790272076499,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A family of histidine-rich peptides, histatins, is secreted by the parotid gland in mammals and exhibits marked inhibitory activity against a number of\n            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n            species. We were particularly interested in the mechanism by which histidine-rich peptides inhibit fungal growth, because our laboratory has synthesized a variety of such peptides for drug and nucleic acid delivery. In contrast to naturally occurring peptides that are linear, peptides made on synthesizers can be varied with respect to their degrees of branching. Using this technology, we explored whether histidine-lysine (HK) polymers of different complexities and degrees of branching affect the growth of several species of\n            <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n            . Polymers with higher degrees of branching were progressively more effective against\n            <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            , with the four-branched polymer, H2K4b, most effective. Furthermore, H2K4b accumulated efficiently in\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            , which may indicate its ability to transport other antifungal agents intracellularly. Although H2K4b had greater antifungal activity than histatin 5, their mechanisms were similar. Toxicity in\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            induced by histatin 5 or branched HK peptides was markedly reduced by 4,4\u2032-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2\u2032-disulfonate, an inhibitor of anion channels. We also determined that bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification, significantly decreased the antifungal activity of H2K4b. This suggests that the pH-buffering and subsequent endosomal-disrupting properties of histidine-rich peptides have a role in their antifungal activity. Moreover, the ability of the histidine component of these peptides to disrupt endosomes, which allows their escape from the lysosomal pathway, may explain why these peptides are both effective antifungal agents and nucleic acid delivery carriers.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00411-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,26]],"date-time":"2006-07-26T18:17:58Z","timestamp":1153937878000},"page":"2797-2805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Synthetic Histidine-Rich Peptides Inhibit\n            <i>Candida<\/i>\n            Species and Other Fungi In Vitro: Role of Endocytosis and Treatment Implications"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jingsong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MSTF Building, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Luther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Howard Hall, 660 West Redwood Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixin","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MSTF Building, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. James","family":"Mixson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MSTF Building, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-12-3323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3251-3260.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411031200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.16.7297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109756200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404638200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.21.7972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.6.1338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.6.1334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408419309113523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00201-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00198-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja051648k"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00858a009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012070600340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199957040-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(97)01156-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008229200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja990340o"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20040139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.27.18872"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00206-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gni040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.748"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300680200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.11.2.309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2005.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.7.1803-1808.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.1.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.360010307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)68522-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc050125z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01576a043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(02)00352-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.9.1.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8924(93)90097-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00199-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"169","volume":"78","year":"1997","unstructured":"Steinberg, D. 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