{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:28:56Z","timestamp":1791354536407,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and middle ear infections. The incidence of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates that are not susceptible to penicillin has risen worldwide and may be above 20% in some countries. Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in pneumococci is associated with significant sequence polymorphism in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Commensal streptococci, especially\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. oralis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , have been identified as putative donors of mutated gene fragments. However, no studies have compared sequences of the involved\n            <jats:italic>pbp<\/jats:italic>\n            genes in large collections of commensal streptococci with those of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . We therefore investigated the sequence diversity of the transpeptidase region of the three\n            <jats:italic>pbp<\/jats:italic>\n            genes,\n            <jats:italic>pbp2x<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>pbp2b<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>pbp1a<\/jats:italic>\n            in 107, 96, and 88 susceptible and nonsusceptible strains of commensal streptococci, respectively, at the nucleotide and amino acid levels to determine to what extent homologous recombination between commensal streptococci and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            plays a role in the development of beta-lactam resistance in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n            . In contrast to pneumococci, extensive sequence variation in the transpeptidase region of\n            <jats:italic>pbp2x<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>pbp2b<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>pbp1a<\/jats:italic>\n            was observed in both susceptible and nonsusceptible strains of commensal streptococci, conceivably reflecting the genetic diversity of the many evolutionary lineages of commensal streptococci combined with the recombination events occurring with intra- and interspecies homologues. Our data support the notion that resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in pneumococci is due to sequences acquired from commensal Mitis group streptococci, especially\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. mitis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . However, several amino acid alterations previously linked to beta-lactam resistance in pneumococci appear to represent species signatures of the donor strain rather than being causal of resistance.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00429-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T01:42:34Z","timestamp":1428370954000},"page":"3529-3540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Commensal Streptococci Serve as a Reservoir for \u03b2-Lactam Resistance Genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Anders","family":"Jensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Vald\u00f3rsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Frimodt-M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Hollingshead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mogens","family":"Kilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Molecular biology of streptococci","author":"Henriques-Normark B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henriques-Normark B. 2007. Molecular epidemiology and mechanisms for antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, p 269\u2013290. In Hakenbeck R, Chhatwal GS (ed), Molecular biology of streptococci. Horizon Press, Wymondham, Norfolk, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Streptococcus pneumoniae. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance report Emerging Infections Program Network 2013. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/abcs\/reports-findings\/survreports\/spneu13.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.5.767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.22.8842"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00821.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05475.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.15.5858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01723.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01089.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01490-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2075-2081.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1998.4.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-003-0286-Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632x.12018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.118886"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1878-1886.1999","article-title":"Humoral immunity to commensal oral bacteria in human infants: salivary secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mitis biovar 1, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis during the first two years of life","volume":"67","author":"Cole MF","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cole MF, Bryan S, Evans MK, Pearce CL, Sheridan MJ, Sura PA, Wientzen RL, Bowden GH. 1999. Humoral immunity to commensal oral bacteria in human infants: salivary secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mitis biovar 1, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis during the first two years of life. Infect Immun 67:1878\u20131886.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340352"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-7-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.6073-6085.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2014. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters version 4.0. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05900-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.5.1252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305948200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.27.19175"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.10.3261-3264.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511506200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2007.12.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.8.2349-2357.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.4020-4022.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.6.2244-2250.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.4.859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.6.1329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.080067697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09172.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2895"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004300"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70061-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.23.6798-6805.2000"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00429-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00429-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T23:09:18Z","timestamp":1645484958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.00429-15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.00429-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00429-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-02-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-05-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}