{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:52:21Z","timestamp":1772499141785,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Long-term exposure of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      to non-lethal step-wise increasing concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics induces high levels of resistance that can be accompanied by amplification of a chromosomal fragment around the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. We compared the amplification of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      fragment in the wild type, an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      knockout mutant, a mutant in which the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was replaced by a tetracycline resistance gene\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet(B<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and a strain in which the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been translocated. When\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      was removed, no amplification occurred at the original\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      location, but DNA fragments were amplified around the genes coding for efflux pump AcrAB and the multiple antibiotic resistance operon MarRAB. When\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet(B<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) replaced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , exposure to tetracycline induced amplification of comparable fragments, while exposure to amoxicillin induced duplication of a larger fragment elsewhere. When\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      was translocated, a fragment around it at the new location was amplified. The importance of the presence but not of the location within the chromosome of the resistance genes for the amplification process indicates that the mechanisms are neither gene nor location specific. Without the relatively efficient resistance gene\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      , duplication and amplification occur around\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acrAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">marRAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      that code for amoxicillin and tetracycline resistance factors. These duplications and amplifications are prevented by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ampC<\/jats:italic>\n                      amplification.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00441-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T12:00:50Z","timestamp":1753272050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Driving factors for beta-lactam resistance gene amplification during\n                    <i>de novo<\/i>\n                    resistance evolution in\n                    <i>E. coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Luyuan","family":"Nong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam","place":["Amsterdam, the 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