{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:13:20Z","timestamp":1791512000062,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI109025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI109025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fungal cell wall-synthesizing enzyme 1,3-\u03b2-glucan synthase (GS) is the target of the echinocandins, a frontline antifungal drug class. However, increasing echinocandin resistance due to mutations in GS has been observed in certain fungal pathogens, notably\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , where GS is encoded by two homologous genes,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Despite the importance of GS in the fungal life cycle and as a drug target, the regulation of its expression in culture and in the host is still poorly understood. In this study, we used a fluorescent transcriptional reporter, quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR, protein analysis, and mining of RNA-seq data sets to examine the regulation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                      GS expression. We determined that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter activities peak during S-phase and that during exponential growth in culture,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      is expressed at higher levels than\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Interestingly, although\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS<\/jats:italic>\n                      2 mRNA expression appeared to be strongly induced in an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fks1\u2206<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant, this calcineurin-mediated induction was not accompanied by increased\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter activity, suggesting post-transcriptional regulation. Examination of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcript across the ORF as well as Fks2 protein levels was consistent with post-transcriptional regulation. Finally, RNA-seq data mining revealed that, in contrast to vegetative growth, during the stationary phase and under host conditions,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      is expressed at equivalent or higher levels than\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Together, these experiments revealed that in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. glabrata,<\/jats:italic>\n                      the expression of both GS subunits is regulated transcriptionally by the cell cycle, that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression is regulated post-transcriptionally by calcineurin and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fks1\u2206<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and that in the host,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FKS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be the more abundant subunit.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00500-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T05:49:46Z","timestamp":1750139386000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Expression of 1,3-\u03b2-glucan synthase subunits in\n                    <i>Candida glabrata<\/i>\n                    is regulated by the cell cycle and growth conditions and at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Gonzalez-Jimenez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine","place":["Nutley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail V.","family":"Keniya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, 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