{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:05:40Z","timestamp":1791299140340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a globally important and genetically diverse gastric pathogen that infects most people in developing countries. Eradication efforts are complicated by antibiotic resistance, which varies in frequency geographically. There are very few data on resistance in African strains. Sixty-four Gambian\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. The role of\n            <jats:italic>rdxA<\/jats:italic>\n            in metronidazole (Mtz) susceptibility was tested by DNA transformation and sequencing; RdxA protein variants were interpreted in terms of RdxA structure. Forty-four strains (69%) were resistant to at least 8 \u03bcg of Mtz\/ml. All six strains from infants, but only 24% of strains from adults, were sensitive (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            = 0.0031). Representative Mtz-resistant (Mtz\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            ) strains were rendered Mtz susceptible (Mtz\n            <jats:sup>s<\/jats:sup>\n            ) by transformation with a functional\n            <jats:italic>rdxA<\/jats:italic>\n            gene; conversely, Mtz\n            <jats:sup>s<\/jats:sup>\n            strains were rendered Mtz\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            by\n            <jats:italic>rdxA<\/jats:italic>\n            inactivation. Many mutations were found by Gambian\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:italic>rdxA<\/jats:italic>\n            sequencing; mutations that probably inactivated\n            <jats:italic>rdxA<\/jats:italic>\n            in Mtz\n            <jats:sup>r<\/jats:sup>\n            strains were identified and explained using RdxA protein's structure. All of the strains were sensitive to clarithromycin and erythromycin. Amoxicillin and tetracycline resistance was rare. Sequence analysis indicated that most tetracycline resistance, when found, was not due to 16S rRNA gene mutations. These data suggest caution in the use of Mtz-based therapies in The Gambia. The increasing use of macrolides against respiratory infections in The Gambia calls for continued antibiotic susceptibility monitoring. The rich variety of\n            <jats:italic>rdxA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutations that we found will be useful in further structure-function studies of RdxA, the enzyme responsible for Mtz susceptibility in this important pathogen.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00517-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,22]],"date-time":"2012-12-22T07:48:00Z","timestamp":1356162480000},"page":"1231-1237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance Patterns among Helicobacter pylori Strains from The Gambia, West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ousman","family":"Secka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tumani","family":"Corrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Tapgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivat","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Galano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)\u2013Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI)\u2013Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Adegbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian E.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.4.720"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00112-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199902000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Helicobacter infection, chronic inflammation, and the development of malignancy","volume":"21","author":"Crowe S","year":"2005","unstructured":"CroweS. 2005. Helicobacter infection, chronic inflammation, and the development of malignancy. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 21:32\u201338.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.5.e87"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.015313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7226.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.040042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01453-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.18.5091-5096.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.18.5082-5090.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.17.5155-5162.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2007.00486.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.2.477"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2006.00462.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.022111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.12.3940-3946.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.4.511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.8.2131-2140.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.1999.99310.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2229-2233.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.962-965.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00545-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-3-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4856-4858.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.19.5137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150181505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori isolates in Dakar, Senegal","volume":"3","author":"Seck A","year":"2009","unstructured":"SeckA MbengueM Gassama-SowA DioufL KaMM BoyeCS. 2009. Antibiotic susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori isolates in Dakar, Senegal. J. Infect. Dev. Countries 3:137\u2013140.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Countries"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4832-4834.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350170158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02062.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"261","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Brazil: clarithromycin is still a good option","volume":"48","author":"Eisig JN","year":"2011","unstructured":"EisigJN SilvaFM BarbutiRC Navarro-RodriguezT Moraes-FilhoJP PedrazzoliJJr. 2011. Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Brazil: clarithromycin is still a good option. Arch. Gastroenterol. 48:261\u2013264.","journal-title":"Arch. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.11.3219-3227.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00806.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2609-2615.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-9-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Detection of point mutations on 23S rRNA of Helicobacter pylori and resistance to clarithromycin with PCR-RFLP in gastric biopsy specimens in Mersin, Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Sezgin O","year":"2008","unstructured":"SezginO AslanG Altinta\u015fE TezcanS SerinMS Emekda\u015fG. 2008. Detection of point mutations on 23S rRNA of Helicobacter pylori and resistance to clarithromycin with PCR-RFLP in gastric biopsy specimens in Mersin, Turkey. Turk J. Gastroenterol. 19:163\u2013167.","journal-title":"Turk J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.9.1217"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00517-12","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00517-12","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T22:16:14Z","timestamp":1645481774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.00517-12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.00517-12"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00517-12","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-03-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-12-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-02-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}