{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T10:36:55Z","timestamp":1789814215293,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            It has been known from previous studies that body fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, lung surfactant, and urine, have a strong impact on the bacterial killing of many anti-infective agents. However, the influence of human bile on the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics is widely unknown. Human bile was obtained and pooled from 11 patients undergoing cholecystectomy. After sterilization of the bile fluid by gamma irradiation, its effect on bacterial killing was investigated for linezolid (LZD) and tigecycline (TGC) against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ATCC 29212. Further, ciprofloxacin (CIP), meropenem (MEM), and TGC were tested against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            ATCC 25922. Time-kill curves were performed in pooled human bile and Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) over 24 h. Bacterial counts (in CFU per milliliter after 24 h) of bile growth controls were approximately equal to MHB growth controls for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            and approximately 2-fold greater for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. faecalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , indicating a promotion of bacterial growth by bile for the latter strain. Bile reduced the antimicrobial activity of CIP, MEM, and TGC against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            as well as the activity of LZD and TGC against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. faecalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . This effect was strongest for TGC against the two strains. Degradation of TGC in bile was identified as the most likely explanation. These findings may have important implications for the treatment of bacterial infections of the gallbladder and biliary tract and should be explored in more detail.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00527-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,31]],"date-time":"2017-05-31T00:40:34Z","timestamp":1496191234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Human Bile Reduces Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Antibiotics against Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli\n            <i>In Vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Beatrix","family":"Wulkersdorfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Eberl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Poschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Cosentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Zeitlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Schwameis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of General Gyneacology and Gyneacologic Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-006-1152-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-006-1160-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"Bacteriological study of choledochal bile in patients with common bile duct stones, with or without acute suppurative cholangitis","volume":"36","author":"Maluenda F","year":"1989","unstructured":"Maluenda F CsendesABurdilesPDiazJ. 1989. Bacteriological study of choledochal bile in patients with common bile duct stones, with or without acute suppurative cholangitis. Hepatogastroenterology36:132\u2013135.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"578","article-title":"Hazards of surgical treatment due to microorganisms in the bile","volume":"75","author":"Keighley MR","year":"1974","unstructured":"Keighley MR ListerDMJacobsSIGilesGR. 1974. Hazards of surgical treatment due to microorganisms in the bile. Surgery75:578\u2013583.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"212","article-title":"Bacteriological spectrum of cholecystitis and its antibiogram","volume":"19","author":"Ballal M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ballal M JyothiKNAntonyBArunCPrabhuTShivanandaPG. 2001. Bacteriological spectrum of cholecystitis and its antibiogram. 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Effect of antibiotics on Salmonella typhi in human bile. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung6:103\u2013111. (In German.)","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-014-0365-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01638724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(79)90309-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Bile acids: the good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"14","author":"Hofmann AF","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hofmann AF . 1999. Bile acids: the good, the bad, and the ugly. News Physiol Sci14:24\u201329.","journal-title":"News Physiol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.15.2.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2011.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.839"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00527-17","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00527-17","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T21:04:12Z","timestamp":1645477452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.00527-17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.00527-17"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00527-17","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-03-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00527-17"}}