{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:57:20Z","timestamp":1783641440998,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Hard-tick-borne relapsing fever (HTBRF) is an emerging infectious disease throughout the temperate zone caused by the relapsing-fever spirochete\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Antibiotic treatment of HTBRF is empirically based on the treatment of Lyme borreliosis; however, the antibiotic susceptibility of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. miyamotoi<\/jats:named-content>\n            has not been studied to date. Thus, we set out to determine the\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            antimicrobial susceptibility of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B.<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">miyamotoi<\/jats:named-content>\n            . A microdilution method with 96-well microtiter plates was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibilities of two\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B.<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">miyamotoi<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains isolated on two different continents (Asia and North America), two\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">sensu lato<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains, and one\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia hermsii<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolate for purposes of comparison. The MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by both microscopy and colorimetric assays. We were able to show that relative to the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi sensu lato<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates, both\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B.<\/jats:named-content>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">miyamotoi<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. hermsii<\/jats:named-content>\n            demonstrated greater susceptibility to doxycycline and azithromycin, equal susceptibility to ceftriaxone, and resistance to amoxicillin\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . The MIC and MBC of amoxicillin for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. miyamotoi<\/jats:named-content>\n            evaluated by microscopy were 16 to 32 mg\/liter and 32 to 128 mg\/liter, respectively. Since\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. miyamotoi<\/jats:named-content>\n            is susceptible to doxycycline, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , our data suggest that these antibiotics can be used for the treatment of HTBRF. Oral amoxicillin is currently used as an alternative for the treatment of HTBRF; however, since we found that the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. miyamotoi<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains tested were resistant to amoxicillin\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , this issue warrants further study.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00535-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T00:40:52Z","timestamp":1499128852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Susceptibility of the Relapsing-Fever Spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi to Antimicrobial Agents"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4604-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris","family":"Koetsveld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald O. P.","family":"Draga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Wagemakers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemijn","family":"Manger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Oei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joppe W.","family":"Hovius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-4-804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.870973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.131583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-1219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61644-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.131761"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.152034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01780660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-006-0693-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.21.5.823"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80024-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b13787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/508667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01247-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91032-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.11.2133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.10.2692-2697.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80890-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549609049067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"1201","article-title":"The solubility of carbon dioxide in water at low pressure","volume":"20","author":"Carroll JJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carroll JJ SlupskyJD MatherAE. 1991. 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