{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:41:30Z","timestamp":1785372090636,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Protective antigen (PA)-based vaccines are effective in preventing the development of fatal anthrax disease both in humans and in relevant animal models. The\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            toxins lethal toxin (lethal factor [LF] plus PA) and edema toxin (edema factor [EF] plus PA) are essential for the establishment of the infection, as inactivation of these toxins results in attenuation of the pathogen. Since the toxins reach high toxemia levels at the bacteremic stages of the disease, the CDC's recommendations include combining antibiotic treatment with antitoxin (anti-PA) immunotherapy. We demonstrate here that while treatment with a highly potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody was highly efficient as postexposure prophylaxis treatment, it failed to protect rabbits with any detectable bacteremia (\u226510 CFU\/ml). In addition, we show that while PA vaccination was effective against a subcutaneous spore challenge, it failed to protect rabbits against systemic challenges (intravenous injection of vegetative bacteria) with the wild-type Vollum strain or a toxin-deficient mutant. To test the possibility that additional proteins, which are secreted by the bacteria under pathogenicity-stimulating conditions\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , may contribute to the vaccine's potency, we immunized rabbits with a secreted protein fraction from a toxin-null mutant. The antiserum raised against the secreted fraction reacts with the bacteria in an immunofluorescence assay. Immunization with the secreted protein fraction did not protect the rabbits against a systemic challenge with the fully pathogenic bacteria. Full protection was obtained only by a combined vaccination with PA and the secreted protein fraction. Therefore, these results indicate that an effective antiserum treatment in advanced stages of anthrax must include toxin-neutralizing antibodies in combination with antibodies against bacterial cell targets.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00546-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]],"date-time":"2016-06-07T03:23:45Z","timestamp":1465269825000},"page":"4878-4885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Revisiting the Concept of Targeting Only Bacillus anthracis Toxins as a Treatment for Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Itai","family":"Glinert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Bar-David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assa","family":"Sittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shay","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Schlomovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Ben-Shmuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adva","family":"Mechaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeev","family":"Altboum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kobiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haim","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01145-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00881.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.7.2.219"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009","volume":"59","author":"Gordon Wright J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gordon Wright J, Quinn CP, Shadomy SV, Messonnier NE, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. 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U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2012\/125349s000lbl.pdf."}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00546-16","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.00546-16","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:54:24Z","timestamp":1645476864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.00546-16"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.00546-16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00546-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-03-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-07-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}