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The current study employed molecular techniques to determine\n Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n species prevalence and characterize the genetic diversity of\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Plasmodium malariae<\/jats:italic>\n molecular markers of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in humans and wild\n Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n mosquito populations in Cameroon.\n Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n mosquito collections and parasitological survey were conducted in villages to determine\n Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n species infection, and genomic phenotyping of anti-folate resistance was accomplished by sequencing the dihydrofolate-reductase (\n dhfr<\/jats:italic>\n ) and dihydropteroate-synthase (\n dhps<\/jats:italic>\n ) genes of naturally circulating\n P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. The malaria prevalence in Elende was 73.5% with the 5\u201315 years age group harboring significant\n P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n (27%) and\n P. falciparum + P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n (19%) infections. The polymorphism breadth of the pyrimethamine-associated\n Pfdhfr<\/jats:italic>\n marker revealed a near fixation (94%) of the triple-mutant -A\n 16<\/jats:sup>\n \n I\n 51<\/jats:sup>\n R\n 59<\/jats:sup>\n N\n 108<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:bold>\n I\n 164<\/jats:sup>\n . The\n Pfdhps<\/jats:italic>\n backbone mediating sulfadoxine resistance reveals a high frequency of the\n \n V\n 431<\/jats:sup>\n A\n 436<\/jats:sup>\n G\n 437<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:bold>\n K\n 540<\/jats:sup>\n A\n 581<\/jats:sup>\n A\n 613<\/jats:sup>\n alleles (20.8%). Similarly, the\n Pmdhfr<\/jats:italic>\n N\n 50<\/jats:sup>\n K\n 55<\/jats:sup>\n \n L\n 57<\/jats:sup>\n R\n 58<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:bold>\n S\n 59<\/jats:sup>\n S\n 114<\/jats:sup>\n F\n 168<\/jats:sup>\n I\n 170<\/jats:sup>\n haplotype (78.4%) was predominantly detected in the asexual blood stage. In contrast, the\n Pmdhps<\/jats:italic>\n \u2013\n S<\/jats:bold>\n 436<\/jats:sup>\n A<\/jats:bold>\n 437<\/jats:sup>\n occured at 37.2% frequency. The combined quadruple N\n 50<\/jats:sup>\n K\n 55<\/jats:sup>\n \n L\n 57<\/jats:sup>\n R\n 58<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:bold>\n S\n 59<\/jats:sup>\n S\n 114<\/jats:sup>\n F\n 168<\/jats:sup>\n I\n 170<\/jats:sup>\n _\n \n S\n 436<\/jats:sup>\n G\n 437<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:bold>\n K\n 540<\/jats:sup>\n A\n 581<\/jats:sup>\n A\n 613<\/jats:sup>\n (31.9%) was the major circulating haplotype with similar frequency in humans and mosquitoes. This study highlights the increasing frequency of the\n P. malariae<\/jats:italic>\n parasite mostly common in asymptomatic individuals with apparent\n P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n infection. Interventions directed at reducing malaria transmission such as the scaling-up of SP are favoring the emergence and spread of multiple drug-resistant alleles between the human and mosquito host systems.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00588-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T15:14:03Z","timestamp":1699629243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Geographical emergence of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine drug resistance-associated\n P. falciparum<\/i>\n and\n P. malariae<\/i>\n alleles in co-existing\n Anopheles<\/i>\n mosquito and asymptomatic human populations across Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4292-8440","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francis N.","family":"Nkemngo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lymen W.","family":"Raissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Nguete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrille","family":"Ndo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Fru-Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, Cameroon"},{"name":"Centre for Infection Biology and Translational Research, Forzi Institute, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flobert","family":"Njiokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0791-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles S.","family":"Wondji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon"},{"name":"Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","article-title":"World malaria report 2021","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. 2021. 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