{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:59:04Z","timestamp":1791176344977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A wide range of pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus, Ebola virus, cytomegalovirus, dengue virus,\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            , can interact with dendritic cell (DC)-specific ICAM3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), expressed on DCs and a subset of B cells. More specifically, the interaction of the gp120 envelope protein of HIV-1 with DC-SIGN can facilitate the transfer of virus to CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T lymphocytes in\n            <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\n            and enhance infection. We have previously demonstrated that a multimeric Le\n            <jats:sup>X<\/jats:sup>\n            component in human milk binds to DC-SIGN, preventing HIV-1 from interacting with this receptor. Biochemical analysis reveals that the compound is heat resistant, trypsin sensitive, and larger than 100 kDa, indicating a specific glycoprotein as the inhibitory compound. By testing human milk from three different mothers, we found the levels of DC-SIGN binding and viral inhibition to vary between samples. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization analysis, we identified bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), a Lewis X (Le\n            <jats:sup>X<\/jats:sup>\n            )-containing glycoprotein found in human milk, to be the major variant protein between the samples. BSSL isolated from human milk bound to DC-SIGN and inhibited the transfer of HIV-1 to CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            T lymphocytes. Two BSSL isoforms isolated from the same human milk sample showed differences in DC-SIGN binding, illustrating that alterations in the BSSL forms explain the differences observed. These results indicate that variations in BSSL lead to alterations in Le\n            <jats:sup>X<\/jats:sup>\n            expression by the protein, which subsequently alters the DC-SIGN binding capacity and the inhibitory effect on HIV-1 transfer. Identifying the specific molecular interaction between the different forms may aid in the future design of antimicrobial agents.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00593-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,27]],"date-time":"2006-09-27T17:13:29Z","timestamp":1159377209000},"page":"3367-3374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Bile Salt-Stimulated Lipase from Human Milk Binds DC-SIGN and Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transfer to CD4\n            <sup>+<\/sup>\n            T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Marloes A.","family":"Naarding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette M.","family":"Dirac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Center for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene S.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Speijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Lindquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umea\u030a University, SE - 901 87 Umea\u030a, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Lotta","family":"Vestman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umea\u030a University, SE - 901 87 Umea\u030a, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martijn J.","family":"Stax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teunis B. H.","family":"Geijtenbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Pollakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olle","family":"Hernell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umea\u030a University, SE - 901 87 Umea\u030a, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Paxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00216a028","volume":"30","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baba, T., D. 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