{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T02:02:40Z","timestamp":1778032960230,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Current monotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis has serious side effects, and resistant\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains have been identified. Amphotericin B (AmB) has shown an extraordinary antileishmanial efficacy without emergence of resistance; however, toxicity has limited its general use. Results obtained showed, using a fixed-ratio analysis, that the combination of diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) and AmB ranged from moderately synergic to synergic at low concentrations (0.07 \u03bcM AmB plus 35.45 \u03bcM allicin induced 95% growth inhibition). None of the treatments, alone or in combination, had noticeable adverse effects on macrophages (M\u03d5) in the concentration range examined (allicin, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 \u03bcM; AmB, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 \u03bcM). Allicin, AmB, or the combination did not affect the infection rate (percentage of infected M\u03d5) of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Allicin enhanced the activity of AmB on intracellular amastigotes of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania donovani<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. infantum<\/jats:named-content>\n            (ca. 45% reduction of amastigote burden with 0.05 \u03bcM AmB plus 10 \u03bcM allicin); this represented nearly a 2-fold reduction in the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of the antibiotic added alone. Results point toward the possible utility of testing this combination\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            to reduce the toxicity associated with monotherapy with AmB.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00710-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,24]],"date-time":"2013-12-24T04:23:33Z","timestamp":1387859013000},"page":"1596-1602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Synergistic Effect of Amphotericin B and Allicin on Leishmania donovani and L. infantum"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"M. J.","family":"Corral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cuquerella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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