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Although caspofungin is inhibitory at low concentrations, it exhibits a paradoxical effect (reversal of growth inhibition) at high concentrations by an undetermined mechanism. Treatment with caspofungin at either the growth-inhibitory concentration (0.5 \u03bcg\/ml) or paradoxical growth-inducing concentration (4 \u03bcg\/ml) for 24 h caused similar abnormalities, including wider, hyperbranched hyphae, increased septation, and repeated hyphal tip lysis, followed by regenerative intrahyphal growth. By 48 h, only hyphae at the colony periphery treated with the high caspofungin concentration displayed paradoxical growth. A similar high concentration of caspofungin also induced the paradoxical growth of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>during human A549 alveolar cell invasion. Localization of the \u03b2-1,3-glucan synthase complex (Fks1 and Rho1) revealed significant differences between cells exposed to the growth-inhibitory and paradoxical growth-inducing concentrations of caspofungin. At both concentrations, Fks1 initially mislocalized from the hyphal tips to vacuoles. However, only continuous exposure to 4 \u03bcg\/ml of caspofungin for 48 h led to recovery of the normal hyphal morphology with renewed localization of Fks1 to hyphal tips. Rho1 remained at the hyphal tip after treatment with both caspofungin concentrations but was required for paradoxical growth. Farnesol blocked paradoxical growth and relocalized Fks1 and Rho1 to vacuoles. Our results highlight the importance of regenerative intrahyphal growth as a rapid adaptation to the fungicidal lytic effects of caspofungin on hyphal tips and the dynamic localization of Fks1 as part of the mechanism for the caspofungin-mediated paradoxical response in<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00710-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:35:13Z","timestamp":1501547713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Caspofungin-Mediated Growth Inhibition and Paradoxical Growth in Aspergillus fumigatus Involve Fungicidal Hyphal Tip Lysis Coupled with Regenerative Intrahyphal Growth and Dynamic Changes in \u03b2-1,3-Glucan Synthase Localization"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Sergio D.","family":"Moreno-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen R.","family":"Juvvadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick D.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00001011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1068271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.2950-2956.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.9.3001-3012.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035478"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00862-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01690-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.7.1480"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3407-3411.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00095-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01160-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.5146-5148.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.392","article-title":"The effects of an Hsp90 inhibitor on the paradoxical effect","volume":"62","author":"Kaneko Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaneko Y OhnoH ImamuraY KohnoS MiyazakiY. 2009. 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