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However, we have found that using Mueller-Hinton II (MHII), the standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) medium, results in MIC data that are disconnected from\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment outcomes. We found that culturing putative colistin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      clinical isolates, as defined by MICs of &gt;2 mg\/L in standard MHII testing conditions, in bicarbonate-containing media reduced MICs to the susceptible range by preventing colistin resistance-conferring lipopolysaccharide modifications from occurring. Furthermore, the lower MICs in bicarbonate-containing media accurately predicted\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy of a human-simulated dosing strategy of colistin and polymyxin B in a lethal murine infection model for some polymyxin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains. Thus, current polymyxin susceptibility testing methods overestimate the contribution of polymyxin resistance-conferring mutations and incorrectly predict antibiotic activity\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Polymyxins may remain a viable therapeutic option against\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains heretofore determined to be \u201cpan-resistant.\u201d\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00725-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T09:00:48Z","timestamp":1725613248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Polymyxins retain\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    activity and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    efficacy against \u201cresistant\u201d\n                    <i>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/i>\n                    strains when tested in physiological conditions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3789-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zac","family":"Builta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Aoyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"She","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Spellberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6718-4551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)80051-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00056-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00463-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","volume-title":"Documents \/ Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","author":"Weinstein MP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weinstein MP, Patel JB. 2018. 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