{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:40:28Z","timestamp":1791168028536,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>We have developed an enzyme immunoassay to measure atazanavir (ATV) levels in plasma and cells. Anti-ATV polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits by using a synthetic ATV derivative coupled to bovine serum albumin as the immunogen, and the enzyme tracer was prepared by chemically coupling the ATV derivative with acetylcholinesterase. These reagents were used to develop a sensitive competitive enzyme immunoassay performed in microtitration plates, and the lowest limit of quantification was 150 pg\/ml, which is about 10 times more sensitive than previously published techniques. The plasma assay was performed, after a simple methanol extraction, with a minimum of 30 \u03bcl of plasma. This assay showed good precision and efficiency, since the rates of recovery from human plasma and cell extracts spiked with ATV ranged form 93 to 113%, with coefficients of variation of less than 10%. ATV concentrations were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with various ATV concentrations and in CEM cells in the absence or presence of antiretroviral drugs and drug transporter inhibitors. The results indicated a dose-dependent uptake (intracellular concentration\/extracellular concentration ratio range, 0.04 to 19). A significant increase in the accumulation of ATV was noticed in the presence of P-glycoprotein and MRP1 inhibitors (dipyridamole, inter alia). Interestingly, efavirenz significantly increased the baseline accumulation of ATV, whereas nevirapine induced a marked reduction. This new enzyme immunoassay for measuring plasma and intracellular ATV levels was fully validated and provides an inexpensive and useful tool for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. Moreover, in vitro results suggested the implication of drug transporters and interactions with other antiviral drugs that should be further explored in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00730-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,21]],"date-time":"2006-11-21T01:47:59Z","timestamp":1164073679000},"page":"405-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quantitative Immunoassay To Measure Plasma and Intracellular Atazanavir Levels: Analysis of Drug Accumulation in Cultured T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Roucairol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie des Mole\u0301cules Bioactives et Aro\u0302mes UMR 6001 CNRS-Universite\u0301 de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ste\u0301phane","family":"Azoulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie des Mole\u0301cules Bioactives et Aro\u0302mes UMR 6001 CNRS-Universite\u0301 de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claire","family":"Nevers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DRM, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Cre\u0301minon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DRM, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibault","family":"Lavrut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pharmacologie, Ho\u0302pital Pasteur, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolphe","family":"Garraffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Pharmacologie, Ho\u0302pital Pasteur, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DRM, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie des Mole\u0301cules Bioactives et Aro\u0302mes UMR 6001 CNRS-Universite\u0301 de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danie\u0300le","family":"Duval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie des Mole\u0301cules Bioactives et Aro\u0302mes UMR 6001 CNRS-Universite\u0301 de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki308"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.1.104-109.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Childs S. and V. 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