{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:57:46Z","timestamp":1791295066094,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Cryptosporidiosis, caused by the protozoan parasite\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:named-content>\n            , can stunt infant growth and can be lethal in immunocompromised individuals. The most widely used drugs for treating cryptosporidiosis are nitazoxanide and paromomycin, although both exhibit limited efficacy. To investigate an alternative approach to therapy, we demonstrate that the clan CA cysteine protease inhibitor\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -methyl piperazine-Phe-homoPhe-vinylsulfone phenyl (K11777) inhibits\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. parvum<\/jats:named-content>\n            growth in mammalian cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, using the C57BL\/6 gamma interferon receptor knockout (IFN-\u03b3R-KO) mouse model, which is highly susceptible to\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. parvum<\/jats:named-content>\n            , oral or intraperitoneal treatment with K11777 for 10 days rescued mice from otherwise lethal infections. Histologic examination of untreated mice showed intestinal inflammation, villous blunting, and abundant intracellular parasite stages. In contrast, K11777-treated mice (210 mg\/kg of body weight\/day) showed only minimal inflammation and no epithelial changes. Three putative protease targets (termed cryptopains 1 to 3, or CpaCATL-1, -2, and -3) were identified in the\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">C. parvum<\/jats:named-content>\n            genome, but only two are transcribed in infected mammals. A homology model predicted that K11777 would bind to cryptopain 1. Recombinant enzymatically active cryptopain 1 was successfully targeted by K11777 in a competition assay with a labeled active-site-directed probe. K11777 exhibited no toxicity\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            , and surviving animals remained free of parasites 3 weeks after treatment. The discovery that a cysteine protease inhibitor provides potent anticryptosporidial activity in an animal model of infection encourages the investigation and development of this biocide class as a new, and urgently needed, chemotherapy for cryptosporidiosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00734-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T07:53:17Z","timestamp":1380009197000},"page":"6063-6073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["A Cysteine Protease Inhibitor Rescues Mice from a Lethal Cryptosporidium parvum Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Momar","family":"Ndao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, 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