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Although antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not common in this serovar, increasing levels of resistance to fluoroquinolones and ampicillin have been reported in the last few years. Here, 298 isolates retrieved from different sources (human, livestock, wildlife, food, and environment) and years (2002\u20132021) in Spain were analyzed to evaluate their diversity, the distribution of AMR-conferring genes (ARGs), and mutations and reconstruct the epidemiology of infection due to this serovar. Isolates were clustered in two major clades (I and II), with strains in clade I (including 61.5% of all human isolates) displaying a pan-susceptible phenotype and not carrying AMR determinants. In contrast, clade II included 80.7% of isolates from animal\/food\/environmental sources, with the majority (69.8%) harboring mutations in the quinolone resistance determinant regions (QRDR). ARGs, although rare, were mostly found in clade II strains that also carried plasmid replicons, among which IncX1 was the most common. Although higher levels of phenotypic resistance were found in animal isolates, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, plasmid-mediated AmpC, and carbapenemase-encoding genes were only found among human isolates. In summary, the majority of human and animal isolates from Spanish sources in our collection were classified in different phylogenetic branches, suggesting that additional sources are contributing to the occurrence of foodborne infections in Spain. Furthermore, the different distributions of virulence factors and ARGs in isolates from different sources and their association with specific plasmids suggest the presence of different dynamics contributing to the selection of resistant strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00738-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T08:12:52Z","timestamp":1740989572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Enteritidis in humans and animals in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1349-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Samper-Cativiela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4878-584X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Torre-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-9580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bernab\u00e9","family":"Di\u00e9guez-Roda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TRAGSATEC, Tecnolog\u00edas y Servicios Agrarios S.A.","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo","family":"Maex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Bacterial Diseases, Sciensano","place":["Uccle, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4509-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ugarte-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Carrizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6914-9987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica, Microbiolog\u00eda, Medicina Preventiva y Salud P\u00fablica, Medicina Legal y Forense. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid Facultad de Medicina","place":["Valladolid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-079X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u00darsula","family":"H\u00f6fle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IREC, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos","place":["Ciudad Real, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y Trazabilidad, Direcci\u00f3n General de la Producci\u00f3n Agraria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"de Frutos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n","place":["Algete, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1042-5363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Ag\u00fcero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n","place":["Algete, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5357-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8843-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3413-0044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Herrera-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Bacterianas Transmitidas por Alimentos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8999-9417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julio","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6710a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7666"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0787"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268899004379"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416707112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(94)90203-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a010041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25319-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1753d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6490"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32830f453a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J. 2016. 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