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There are currently no effective prophylactic measures, and therapeutic options are limited. Therefore, we investigated whether the aromatase inhibitor letrozole (LET), which is already used to treat breast cancer, has an antileishmanial activity and\/or immunomodulatory potential and therefore may be used to treat\n              <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n              infection. LET was active against\n              <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n              promastigote and amastigote life cycle stages in an i\n              <jats:italic>n vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              infection model using human THP-1 cell-derived macrophages. In human peripheral blood leukocytes\n              <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              , LET reduced the internalized forms of\n              <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n              by classical monocytes and activated neutrophils. Concomitantly, LET stimulated the production of IL-12\/TNF-\u03b1 and decreased the production of IL-10\/TGF-\u03b2 by peripheral blood phagocytes, while in T and B cells, it promoted the production of TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3 and decreased that of IL-10. In a murine infection model, LET significantly reduced the parasite load in the liver after just 5 days and in the spleen after 15 days. During\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              treatment with LET, the production of TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3 also increased. In addition, the proportion of developing granulomas decreased and that of mature granulomas increased in the liver, while there was no significant change in organ architecture in the spleen. Based on these data, repositioning of LET may be promising for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in humans.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00756-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T13:03:44Z","timestamp":1728565424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Can letrozole be repurposed for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis?"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Martins","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiologia e Biof\u00edsica, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo de Gen\u00f4mica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto Ren\u00e9 Rachou, 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