{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:52:50Z","timestamp":1788778370672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Chlorhexidine has been widely used for infection control. Although the use of chlorhexidine-impregnated catheters has reduced catheter-related infections, chlorhexidine-resistant\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            has emerged. The correlation between the existence of the chlorhexidine-resistant genes\n            <jats:italic>qacA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>qacB<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>\n            ) in methicillin-resistant\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (MRSA) isolates and the effectiveness of chlorhexidine-impregnated catheters in the prevention of MRSA infections is unknown. Sixty methicillin-sensitive\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            (MSSA) and 96 MRSA isolates from the blood cultures of different patients were collected, and a case-control study was conducted to determine whether more clinical\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from chlorhexidine-impregnated catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) have the biocide-resistant genes (\n            <jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>smr<\/jats:italic>\n            ) than those from other infections. The chlorhexidine MIC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s of MSSA and MRSA isolates were 1 \u03bcg\/ml and 2 \u03bcg\/ml, respectively. Results of PCR analyses showed that 3.3% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 2) of MSSA and 43.8% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 42) of MRSA isolates harbored\n            <jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>\n            and 5% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 3) of MSSA and 25% (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 24) of MRSA isolates contained\n            <jats:italic>smr<\/jats:italic>\n            . With multivariate logistic regression analyses, the significant risk factors for definite CRBSI with chlorhexidine-impregnated catheters were determined to be\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates with\n            <jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>\n            and a chlorhexidine MIC of \u22652 \u03bcg\/ml (odds ratios [OR], 9.264 and 8.137, respectively, in all 156\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates and 6.097 and 4.373, respectively, in the 96 MRSA isolates). Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the transmission of these biocide-resistant genes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00761-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,21]],"date-time":"2012-08-21T04:22:25Z","timestamp":1345522945000},"page":"5693-5697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["High Rate of\n            <i>qacA<\/i>\n            - and\n            <i>qacB<\/i>\n            -Positive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Chlorhexidine-Impregnated Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Mao","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao-Wang","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jang-Jih","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.050141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control R. O. C. (Taiwan). 2008. Annual Report of Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov.tw\/english\/info.aspx?treeid=00ed75d6c887bb27&nowtreeid=f0131176aa46d5db&tid=1A8C498AF5F8AF5D."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2009. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard eighth edition. M07-A8. 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Antiseptic \u201cresistance\u201d: real or perceived threat? Clin. Infect. Dis. 40:1650\u20131656.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.3.288","article-title":"Antiseptic and antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection","volume":"33","author":"Stickler DJ","year":"1980","unstructured":"SticklerDJ ThomasB. 1980. Antiseptic and antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection. J. Clin. Pathol. 33:288\u2013296.","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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