{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:38:53Z","timestamp":1792510733611,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"I2Pure","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Povidone iodine (PVP-I) is a widely used topical antiseptic with broad antimicrobial activity, but its clinical utility can be limited by skin irritation, slow drying, and persistent staining of skin, textiles, and surfaces. Here, we evaluated reformulated molecular iodine (I\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) products as potential non-staining alternatives with retained or enhanced antimicrobial efficacy. Three I\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      formulations (soak, nasal antiseptic, and hand ointment) were tested against 17 clinically relevant bacterial and fungal pathogens, including multidrug-resistant organisms and emerging nosocomial pathogens. Antimicrobial performance was assessed by quantitative kill assays, textile staining studies, and persistence testing on dried surfaces. All three I\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      formulations demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against all organisms tested, with rapid 3\u20134 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) or &gt;99.9% killing commonly achieved within 15 s; selected fungal species required longer contact times or higher concentrations for maximal activity. Potent activity was observed against major healthcare-associated bacterial pathogens, including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as well as fungal pathogens including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candidozyma auris<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Compared with PVP-I, I\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exhibited minimal residual staining and was readily removed from porous hospital textiles after brief water rinsing. Surface persistence studies further demonstrated sustained antimicrobial activity after drying. These findings indicate that I\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      retains the broad-spectrum efficacy of traditional iodophors while offering practical advantages in material compatibility and reduced residual staining. I\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      formulations may, therefore, represent useful alternatives for topical antisepsis and environmental decontamination in high-throughput healthcare settings where both antimicrobial performance and staining-related costs are important considerations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00764-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:43:25Z","timestamp":1788965005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid broad-spectrum activity of molecular iodine against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens without residual staining"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Nandhana","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arushi","family":"Sangal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7951-8851","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilker","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I2Pure Corporation","place":["Hudson, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3847-0422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victor","family":"Nizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2747-7699","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisabet","family":"Bj\u00e5nes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0168r3w48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego","place":["La Jolla, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"APIC infection control and applied epidemiology","author":"Association for Practitioners in Infection Control & Epidemiology","year":"1996","unstructured":"Association for Practitioners in Infection Control & Epidemiology. 1996. APIC infection control and applied epidemiology. Mosby, London, England."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.227-227.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26658-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.5.1078"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14712"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"CDC. 2024. G. laundry and bedding. Infection Control. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infection-control\/hcp\/environmental-control\/laundry-bedding.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47895\/amp.v59i4.10222"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2220-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1656270"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-061523-021233"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05536-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3767\/persoonia.2024.52.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2172264"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45997-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(86)90477-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-24-00471"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","unstructured":"Regenex. 2019. How Regenex Rescued Iodine-Stained Linens for Hospital Trust - Regenex - The UK\u2019s Leading Linen Recovery Specialist. Regenex - The UK\u2019s Leading Linen Recovery Specialist. Available from: https:\/\/www.regenex.co.uk\/how-regenex-rescued-iodine-stained-linens-for-hospital-trust"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24075"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2024.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.1986.tb00845.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070682"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c18587"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.29.8.752"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43000-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05322-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/978-2-88945-183-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7604262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3523-3534.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01476-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2017.07.014"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aac.00764-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aac.00764-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:49:04Z","timestamp":1792507744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aac.00764-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Damian J.","family":"Krysan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aac.00764-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00764-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00764-26"}}