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However, resistance poses a significant risk of treatment failure in sub-Saharan Africa, where fluconazole monotherapy is common. Beyond clinical use, triazole fungicides are suspected drivers of resistance pathways. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence linking triazole fungicide use to the emergence of resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (RCN) in soil. Here, the possibility of evolving triazole resistance in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      by exposing it to the triazole fungicide propiconazole was explored. The findings suggest that propiconazole can induce the resistance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      to triazole drugs in liquid media and soil by upregulating the expression levels of target gene\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ERG11<\/jats:italic>\n                      and efflux pump genes\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">AFR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">AFR2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">AFR3<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Interestingly, there were 2, 5, 4, and 3 RCN strains isolated from propiconazole-treated soils at 1, 2, 5, and 10 mg\/kg, respectively, indicating that the emergence of RCN isolates depends on the residual concentrations of propiconazole. These findings suggest that the field application of propiconazole, even at the recommended dosage, can promote the development of triazole resistance in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , thereby affecting the efficacy of triazole drugs and hindering the prevention and management of cryptococcosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00765-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T11:56:59Z","timestamp":1753963019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Agricultural propiconazole residues promote triazole cross-resistance in\n                    <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n                    through\n                    <i>ERG11<\/i>\n                    and efflux pump overexpression"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Hantao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dc7s858","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University","place":["Nanchang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dc7s858","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University","place":["Nanchang, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dc7s858","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Cultivation and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University","place":["Nanchang, 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