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Its effectiveness is closely related to the time with concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; MIC) of the bacteria involved. The most frequently encountered bacteria associated with biliary system infections present with clinical breakpoint MIC values of 8 and 16 \u00b5g\/mL. This porcine study aimed to apply microdialysis to assess target site piperacillin\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; MIC 8, 16, and 32 (4\u00d7 MIC 8) \u00b5g\/mL in the biliary system. In eight healthy pigs (Danish Landrace breed, weight 78\u201382 kg), five microdialysis catheters were placed for sampling of piperacillin concentrations in the liver, the wall of the gallbladder, the bile in the gallbladder, the wall of the common bile duct (CBD), and the bile in the CBD. A bolus of TZP 4\/0.5 g was administered intravenously, and microdialysates and blood samples were collected during an 8 h period. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) was used to quantify the piperacillin concentrations. The mean\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; MIC (%T &gt; MIC) varied from 345 to 446 min (77%\u201399%), 261\u2013446 min (58%\u201399%), and 200\u2013444 min (42%\u201399%) for the MIC targets of 8, 16, and 32 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters in the bile were found to be different compared to the remaining compartments with higher AUC\n                      <jats:sub>0\u20138h<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      values and longer\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Piperacillin displayed prolonged\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; MIC in bile compared to plasma and the target tissues of the biliary system, approaching 100%\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; MIC for the MIC targets of 8, 16, and 32 \u00b5g\/mL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00792-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T12:00:14Z","timestamp":1755518414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Piperacillin reaches high concentrations in bile and target tissues of the biliary system: an experimental study in pigs"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6110-8427","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise 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