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Due to this, a significant amount of knowledge has been gained about human clinical isolates over a substantial period of time. More recently, studies have begun to pay attention to non-human isolates of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In reviewing these studies, we highlight some major trends. First,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been found in a variety of sources\/hosts: from diverse types of animals, to food products, to plants and even aquatic environments. Second, considering the molecular epidemiology of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , two scenarios are possible. One implies transmission between human and non-human populations, and this has been described in several international clones (ICs): IC1, IC2, IC5, IC7, and IC8. In the other scenario, human populations are well differentiated from non-human populations, and there is no exchange between them. Third, in terms of antibiotic resistance in the non-human populations, these populations tend to have fewer antibiotic resistance genes, mostly intrinsic in nature. However, when non-clinical bacterial populations come into closer contact with humans, the antibiotic resistance profiles of the non-human bacterial population become more similar to those of clinical populations. Also, there are some instances of non-human isolates showing extensive drug resistance phenotypes. By far, the least studied aspect is the virulence potential of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      from non-human sources. A small number of studies suggest that some non-human isolates can be as virulent as the human isolates. Finally, we discuss gaps in knowledge and future research avenues when considering non-human populations of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and their relationship with human populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00801-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T14:33:13Z","timestamp":1753453993000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["<i>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/i>\n                    : much more than a human pathogen"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3922-7088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Santiago","family":"Castillo-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Gen\u00f3mica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","place":["Cuernavaca, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Aguilar-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Gen\u00f3mica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","place":["Cuernavaca, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6395-7932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayush","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfys938","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba","place":["Winnipeg, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026k5mg93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Metabolic Health, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0062dz060","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Microbial Interactions, Norwich Research Park","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2024. 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