{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T02:11:13Z","timestamp":1781662273370,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause 15 to 30% of mild upper respiratory tract infections. However, no specific antiviral drugs are available to prevent or treat HCoV infections to date. Here, we developed four infectious recombinant HCoVs-OC43 (rHCoVs-OC43) which express the\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Renilla<\/jats:named-content>\n            luciferase (Rluc) reporter gene. Among these four rHCoVs-OC43, rOC43-ns2DelRluc (generated by replacing ns2 with the Rluc gene) showed robust luciferase activity with only a slight impact on its growth characteristics. Additionally, this recombinant virus remained stable for at least 10 passages in BHK-21 cells. rOC43-ns2DelRluc was comparable to its parental wild-type virus (HCoV-OC43-WT) with respect to the quantity of the antiviral activity of chloroquine and ribavirin. We showed that chloroquine strongly inhibited HCoV-OC43 replication\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            , with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of 0.33 \u03bcM. However, ribavirin showed inhibition of HCoV-OC43 replication only at high concentrations which may not be applicable to humans in clinical treatment, with an IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            of 10 \u03bcM. Furthermore, using a luciferase-based small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening assay, we identified double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and DEAD box RNA helicases (DDX3X) that exhibited antiviral activities, which were further verified by the use of HCoV-OC43-WT. Therefore, rOC43-ns2DelRluc represents a promising safe and sensitive platform for high-throughput antiviral screening and quantitative analysis of viral replication.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00814-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,6]],"date-time":"2016-07-06T02:58:59Z","timestamp":1467773939000},"page":"5492-5503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Safe and Sensitive Antiviral Screening Platform Based on Recombinant Human Coronavirus OC43 Expressing the Luciferase Reporter Gene"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaoshan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Desforges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre J.","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimmunovirology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2114-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.12742-12751.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-7-1687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.04.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.14.7369-7378.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00021-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-33012-9_108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01029-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.58.6.2268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.16.8824-8834.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01509-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2996-5_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01986-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.7.3670-3674.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"493","article-title":"Simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed LJ","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed LJ, M\u00fcnch HA. 1938. 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