{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T13:58:52Z","timestamp":1766066332690},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is poorly standardized in Italy in spite of the existing evidence. All consecutive patients with VL admitted at 15 Italian centers as inpatients or outpatients between January 2004 and December 2008 were retrospectively considered; outcome data at 1 year after treatment were obtained for all but 1 patient. Demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, diagnostic procedures, treatment regimens and outcomes, as well as side effects were recorded. A confirmed diagnosis of VL was reported for 166 patients: 120 (72.3%) immunocompetent, 21 (12.6%) patients with immune deficiencies other than HIV infection, and 25 (15.1%) coinfected with HIV. Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) was the drug almost universally used for treatment, administered to 153 (92.2%) patients. Thirty-seven different regimens, including L-AmB were used. The mean doses were 29.4 \u00b1 7.9 mg\/kg in immunocompetent patients, 32.9 \u00b1 8.6 mg\/kg in patients with non-HIV-related immunodeficiencies, and 40.8 \u00b1 6.7 mg\/kg in HIV-infected patients (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). The mean numbers of infusion days were 7.8 \u00b1 3.1 in immunocompetent patients, 9.6 \u00b1 3.9 in non-HIV-immunodeficient patients, and 12.0 \u00b1 3.4 in HIV-infected patients (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). Mild and reversible adverse events were observed in 12.2% of cases. Responsive patients were 154 (93.3%). Successes were 98.4% among immunocompetent patients, 90.5% among non-HIV-immunodeficient patients, and 72.0% among HIV-infected patients. Among predictors of primary response to treatment, HIV infection and age held independent associations in the final multivariate models, whereas the doses and duration of L-AmB treatment were not significantly associated. Longer treatments and higher doses of L-AmB were not able to significantly modify treatment outcomes either in the immunocompetent or in the immunocompromised population.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00840-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T04:07:25Z","timestamp":1383624445000},"page":"414-418","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Five-Year Retrospective Italian Multicenter Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Masi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Pescara General Hospital, Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Ursini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Donata","family":"Iannece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, D. Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Chianura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Niguarda C\u00e0 Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Baldasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Treviso General Hospital, Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Di Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Casabianca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Cardinal Massaja Hospital, Asti, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nunzio","family":"Storaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Ragusa General Hospital, Ragusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Parasitology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Colomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Marazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Genoa, G. Gaslini Scientific Institute, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Todaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Piemonte-Papardo General Hospital, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacinta","family":"Tordini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, University of Siena and Microbiology and Virology Unit, AOUS, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Zanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, University of Siena and Microbiology and Virology Unit, AOUS, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cenderello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Galliera General Hospital, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Acone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, San Giuseppe Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ennio","family":"Polilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Pescara General Hospital, Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Migliore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Ragusa General Hospital, Ragusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Almi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, S. 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